The stigma is the part of the pistil that receives pollen during the process of fertilization.

Stomata play a crucial role in gas exchange, allowing plants to adapt to different environments throughout evolution.

The style connects the stigma, where pollen lands, to the ovary, where ovules are located.

The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it flows in one direction.

Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine, enhancing nutrient absorption.

Tissue culture is used to propagate plants in a controlled, sterile environment, allowing for mass production.

tRNA (transfer RNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

tRNA (transfer RNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome, where they are assembled into proteins according to the sequence of mRNA.

tRNA (transfer RNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation, matching them to the codons on the mRNA.

Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine, enhancing nutrient absorption.

Water acts as an electron donor in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Water serves as the source of electrons in the light reactions.

Water provides electrons through photolysis during the light reactions.

Water acts as an electron donor in the light-dependent reactions, leading to the production of oxygen.

Alkaloids have significant medicinal properties and can affect human health.

Antioxidants help prevent cell damage caused by free radicals, thus playing a crucial role in maintaining health.

Apomixis allows plants to produce seeds without fertilization, maintaining the parent plant's genetic makeup.

Crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Endophytes are beneficial microbes that live within plant tissues and can enhance growth and stress resistance.

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and comparison.

Genetic recombination increases genetic diversity, which is important for adaptation and evolution in plants.

Genetic variation is crucial for evolution as it enhances survival and adaptability to changing environments.

Mycorrhizal associations enhance nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus, benefiting plant growth.

Mycorrhizal associations improve nutrient and water uptake for plants, which can enhance overall health and reproductive success.

Photoperiodism is the response of plants to the length of day and night, which controls flowering time.

Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds in plants that have health-promoting properties, contributing to disease prevention.

Terpenes contribute to the aromatic properties of plants and have various health benefits.

Denaturation involves heating the reaction mixture to separate the double-stranded DNA into single strands.

'Golden Rice' is genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene, addressing vitamin A deficiency in populations that rely on rice as a staple food.

'Sticky ends' are overhanging sequences that facilitate the ligation of DNA fragments during cloning.