Marker-assisted selection helps breeders identify plants that carry desirable traits based on genetic markers.

Biopesticides are used to control pest populations in an environmentally friendly manner, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.

Marker-assisted selection is used to identify and select plants with desirable traits more efficiently in breeding programs.

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the manipulation and cloning of DNA fragments.

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of foreign DNA into vectors.

Reverse transcriptase is used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template.

A 10% bleach solution is recommended to be in contact with surfaces for at least 5 minutes for effective disinfection.

Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which is then used in respiration, highlighting their interdependent relationship.

Biological indicators are used to verify the effectiveness of sterilization by demonstrating that spores have been killed.

Biological indicators are used to verify the effectiveness of the sterilization process by confirming the destruction of specific microorganisms.

A vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign DNA into a host cell for replication and expression.

Abscisic acid primarily functions to inhibit growth and promote stress responses in plants.

Actinobacteria play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling in soil.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a vector for gene transfer in plant biotechnology, facilitating the introduction of new genes into plant cells.

Alcohol acts as a disinfectant by denaturing proteins and disrupting cellular membranes, making it effective against many microorganisms.

Alkaloids serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores due to their toxicity.

Amniotic fluid cushions the fetus, allowing for movement and protecting it from external shocks.

Amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus, providing cushioning and allowing for movement, which is essential for musculoskeletal development.

Antibodies play multiple roles in the immune response, including neutralizing toxins and pathogens, opsonizing for phagocytosis, and activating the complement system.

Antibodies play multiple roles in the immune response, including neutralizing toxins, enhancing phagocytosis, and directly targeting pathogens.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process and present antigens to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.

ATP provides energy and NADPH provides reducing power for the Calvin cycle.

ATP and NADPH provide the energy and reducing power needed for the Calvin cycle.

ATP serves as the energy source for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the light reactions.

Autoclaving uses high pressure and steam to achieve sterilization, effectively killing all microorganisms, including spores.

Auxins inhibit the growth of lateral buds, maintaining apical dominance in plants.

Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets to enhance digestion and absorption.

Chlorophyll captures light energy, which is essential for the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.