Biotechnology Applications: PCR, Cloning, Recombinant DNA - Advanced Concepts
Q. In Mendelian genetics, what does a homozygous genotype mean?
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A.
Two different alleles for a trait
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B.
Two identical alleles for a trait
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C.
One dominant and one recessive allele
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D.
A trait that is not expressed
Solution
A homozygous genotype consists of two identical alleles for a specific trait, either dominant or recessive.
Correct Answer: B — Two identical alleles for a trait
Q. What is the main outcome of gene expression?
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A.
DNA replication
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B.
Protein synthesis
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C.
RNA degradation
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D.
Cell division
Solution
Gene expression primarily results in the synthesis of proteins based on the information encoded in DNA.
Correct Answer: B — Protein synthesis
Q. What is the purpose of using reverse transcriptase in molecular biology?
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A.
To synthesize DNA from RNA
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B.
To amplify DNA
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C.
To cut DNA at specific sites
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D.
To clone DNA
Solution
Reverse transcriptase is used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template.
Correct Answer: A — To synthesize DNA from RNA
Q. What is the significance of the 'sticky ends' in DNA cloning?
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A.
They prevent DNA degradation
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B.
They facilitate the ligation of DNA fragments
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C.
They enhance PCR efficiency
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D.
They stabilize RNA structures
Solution
'Sticky ends' are overhanging sequences that allow for the easy joining of DNA fragments during cloning.
Correct Answer: B — They facilitate the ligation of DNA fragments
Q. Which enzyme is essential for the PCR process?
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A.
DNA ligase
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B.
Taq polymerase
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C.
Reverse transcriptase
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D.
Restriction enzyme
Solution
Taq polymerase is a heat-stable enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands during the PCR process.
Correct Answer: B — Taq polymerase
Q. Which of the following mutations is most likely to result in a nonfunctional protein?
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A.
Silent mutation
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B.
Missense mutation
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C.
Nonsense mutation
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D.
Frameshift mutation
Solution
A nonsense mutation introduces a premature stop codon, leading to a truncated and often nonfunctional protein.
Correct Answer: C — Nonsense mutation
Q. Which technique is used to separate DNA fragments by size?
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A.
Gel electrophoresis
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B.
PCR
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C.
Cloning
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D.
Sanger sequencing
Solution
Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate DNA fragments based on their size and charge.
Correct Answer: A — Gel electrophoresis
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