Basics of Immune Response - Higher Difficulty Problems
Q. What is the mechanism of action of the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)?
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A.
Live attenuated virus
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B.
Inactivated virus
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C.
Subunit vaccine
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D.
Toxoid vaccine
Solution
The MMR vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, which uses weakened forms of the viruses to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.
Correct Answer: A — Live attenuated virus
Q. What is the primary function of the complement system in the immune response?
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A.
To produce antibodies
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B.
To enhance phagocytosis
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C.
To directly lyse pathogens
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D.
To activate T cells
Solution
The complement system enhances phagocytosis through opsonization and can directly lyse pathogens via the formation of the membrane attack complex.
Correct Answer: B — To enhance phagocytosis
Q. What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?
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A.
To produce antibodies
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B.
To present antigens to T cells
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C.
To kill infected cells
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D.
To secrete cytokines
Solution
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that capture and present antigens to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.
Correct Answer: B — To present antigens to T cells
Q. Which cytokine is primarily involved in the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells?
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A.
IL-4
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B.
IL-12
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C.
IFN-gamma
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D.
TGF-beta
Solution
IL-12 is crucial for the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells, which are important for cell-mediated immunity.
Correct Answer: B — IL-12
Q. Which immune cells are primarily involved in the response to helminth infections?
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A.
Neutrophils
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B.
Macrophages
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C.
Eosinophils
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D.
B cells
Solution
Eosinophils play a key role in the immune response against helminth infections, as they are involved in the destruction of larger parasites.
Correct Answer: C — Eosinophils
Q. Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucosal areas and is important for mucosal immunity?
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A.
IgG
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B.
IgA
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C.
IgM
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D.
IgE
Solution
IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucosal areas, providing protection against pathogens at mucosal surfaces.
Correct Answer: B — IgA
Q. Which type of T cell is primarily responsible for the direct killing of infected host cells?
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A.
Helper T cells
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B.
Cytotoxic T cells
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C.
Regulatory T cells
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D.
Memory T cells
Solution
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) are responsible for directly killing infected cells by recognizing antigens presented by MHC class I molecules.
Correct Answer: B — Cytotoxic T cells
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