Central Dogma: Transcription & Translation - Advanced Concepts
Q. In eukaryotic cells, what modification occurs to pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA?
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A.
Addition of a poly-A tail and 5' cap
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B.
Splicing out of exons
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C.
Replication of DNA
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D.
Translation into protein
Solution
Pre-mRNA undergoes capping at the 5' end and polyadenylation at the 3' end, along with splicing to remove introns, to become mature mRNA.
Correct Answer: A — Addition of a poly-A tail and 5' cap
Q. What is the function of the ribosome during translation?
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A.
To synthesize RNA
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B.
To provide a site for protein synthesis
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C.
To splice mRNA
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D.
To replicate DNA
Solution
Ribosomes serve as the cellular machinery that facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins during the translation process.
Correct Answer: B — To provide a site for protein synthesis
Q. What is the role of the 5' cap in mRNA processing?
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A.
To signal the start of translation
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B.
To protect mRNA from degradation
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C.
To facilitate splicing
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D.
To enhance transcription
Solution
The 5' cap protects mRNA from degradation and assists in the initiation of translation by helping ribosomes recognize the mRNA.
Correct Answer: B — To protect mRNA from degradation
Q. What is the significance of the promoter region in gene expression?
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A.
It is where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
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B.
It codes for the protein product
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C.
It is involved in splicing of mRNA
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D.
It terminates transcription
Solution
The promoter region is crucial for the initiation of transcription as it is the site where RNA polymerase binds to start synthesizing RNA.
Correct Answer: A — It is where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
Q. Which of the following mutations is likely to have the most severe effect on a protein?
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A.
Silent mutation
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B.
Missense mutation
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C.
Nonsense mutation
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D.
Frameshift mutation
Solution
Frameshift mutations can alter the reading frame of the genetic code, potentially leading to a completely nonfunctional protein.
Correct Answer: D — Frameshift mutation
Q. Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
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A.
rRNA
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B.
tRNA
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C.
mRNA
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D.
snRNA
Solution
mRNA (messenger RNA) is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Correct Answer: C — mRNA
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