Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Sexual reproduction in plants involves the fusion of male and female gametes, leading to the formation of seeds.

Ferns are vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and leaves, distinguishing them from non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts.

Xerophytes are plants that have adapted to survive in dry environments, often featuring specialized structures to conserve water.