Mendelian Genetics and Heredity - Higher Difficulty Problems
Q. In a pedigree chart, what does a filled circle represent?
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A.
A male
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B.
A female
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C.
An affected individual
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D.
A carrier
Solution
A filled circle in a pedigree chart represents an affected female individual.
Correct Answer: C — An affected individual
Q. In a test cross, an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with which type of individual?
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A.
Homozygous dominant
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B.
Heterozygous
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C.
Homozygous recessive
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D.
Any individual
Solution
A test cross is performed by crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype.
Correct Answer: C — Homozygous recessive
Q. In Mendelian genetics, what does the term 'allele' refer to?
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A.
A variant form of a gene
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B.
A type of chromosome
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C.
A phenotype
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D.
A genetic disorder
Solution
An allele is a variant form of a gene that can result in different traits.
Correct Answer: A — A variant form of a gene
Q. What is the expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?
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A.
1:2:1
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B.
3:1
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C.
9:3:3:1
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D.
1:1
Solution
The expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross of Aa x Aa is 1:2:1.
Correct Answer: A — 1:2:1
Q. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (AaBb x AaBb)?
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A.
3:1
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B.
9:3:3:1
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C.
1:2:1
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D.
1:1
Solution
The expected phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.
Correct Answer: B — 9:3:3:1
Q. What is the primary function of the ribosome in the cell?
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A.
DNA replication
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B.
RNA synthesis
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C.
Protein synthesis
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D.
Gene regulation
Solution
The primary function of the ribosome is to synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
Correct Answer: C — Protein synthesis
Q. What is the probability of obtaining a homozygous recessive offspring from a cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?
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A.
0.25
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B.
0.50
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C.
0.75
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D.
1.00
Solution
The probability of obtaining a homozygous recessive offspring (aa) from a cross of Aa x Aa is 0.25 or 25%.
Correct Answer: A — 0.25
Q. Which of the following represents a genotype that is homozygous recessive?
Solution
The genotype 'aa' indicates that both alleles are recessive, making it homozygous recessive.
Correct Answer: C — aa
Q. Which type of mutation results in a change in a single amino acid in a protein?
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A.
Silent mutation
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B.
Nonsense mutation
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C.
Missense mutation
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D.
Frameshift mutation
Solution
A missense mutation results in a change in one amino acid in the protein sequence due to a change in a single nucleotide.
Correct Answer: C — Missense mutation
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