Water provides electrons through the process of photolysis during the light reactions.

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst develops into the embryo, while the outer layer forms the placenta.

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.

Co-evolution refers to the process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

The genotype refers to the specific genetic constitution of an organism, while the phenotype is the observable expression of that genotype.

Co-evolution refers to the process where two or more species influence each other's evolutionary trajectory.

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and are primarily responsible for nutrient and gas exchange.

Covalent bonds connect the sugar and phosphate groups, forming the backbone of the DNA strand.

Covalent bonds connect the sugar and phosphate groups in the DNA backbone, providing structural stability.

Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases hold the two strands of DNA together.

Meristematic tissues grow through mitosis, allowing for the production of new cells for growth.

Chlorenchyma cells, which contain chloroplasts, are specialized for photosynthesis.

Cytotoxic T cells are the main effector cells in the cell-mediated immune response, responsible for killing infected cells.

Collenchyma cells provide flexibility and support to young stems and petioles.

Epidermal cells form the protective outer layer of plant organs, helping to prevent water loss and protect against pathogens.

Lateral meristem, including vascular cambium and cork cambium, is responsible for secondary growth, increasing the girth of stems and roots.

Phloem cells are responsible for the transport of nutrients, particularly sugars, throughout the plant.

Xylem cells are specialized for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Parenchyma cells in succulent plants are specialized for water storage due to their large vacuoles.

The epidermis is primarily composed of epidermal cells, which serve as a protective layer.

Epidermal cells form the outer protective layer of leaves and help reduce water loss.

Epidermal cells form the outer protective layer of the plant, serving as a barrier against environmental damage.

A simple fruit develops from a single ovary of a single flower and can be either fleshy or dry.

The cell-mediated immune response, particularly involving cytotoxic T cells, is primarily responsible for combating viral infections.

Passive immunity is conferred by the transfer of maternal antibodies to the newborn, providing temporary protection against infections.

Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce an immune response, leading to active immunity against specific pathogens.

Autosomal recessive traits can skip generations because an individual must inherit two copies of the recessive allele to express the trait.