A dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy is present, masking the effect of a recessive allele.

High-level disinfectants are effective against spores, making them suitable for critical items.

A recessive trait is expressed only in homozygous individuals, meaning both alleles must be recessive.

The secondary immune response is characterized by a faster response time and higher affinity antibodies due to memory cells.

Adaptive immunity is characterized by its memory and specificity, allowing for a tailored response to specific pathogens.

Angiosperms are characterized by the presence of flowers and fruits, which aid in reproduction and seed dispersal.

In autosomal dominant inheritance, both males and females are equally affected, and the trait does not skip generations.

Biennial plants require two growing seasons to complete their life cycle, typically flowering in the second year.

Dioecious plants have separate male and female individuals, each producing their respective gametes.

Disinfectants are primarily used on inanimate objects to reduce or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms.

DNA is characterized by its double helix structure, consisting of two strands wound around each other.

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, which is a key characteristic.

Gymnosperms are known for having naked seeds, unlike angiosperms which have seeds enclosed in fruits.

Innate immunity provides an immediate response to pathogens, unlike adaptive immunity which is specific and has memory.

Mammals are characterized by the presence of hair or fur, which helps in insulation and temperature regulation.

Mendelian inheritance is characterized by the independent segregation of traits, as described in Mendel's laws.

Monocots typically have parallel leaf venation, unlike dicots which have net-like venation.

Monocots are characterized by having parallel leaf venation and one seed leaf (cotyledon).

Monocotyledons, or monocots, typically have parallel leaf venation and one seed leaf.

Recessive alleles are only expressed in the phenotype when in a homozygous condition (two copies of the recessive allele).

Reptiles are characterized by their scaly skin, which helps prevent water loss and provides protection.

Rhizobia are bacteria that form symbiotic nodules on the roots of leguminous plants, facilitating nitrogen fixation.

RNA is typically single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded.

RNA is typically single-stranded and contains ribose sugar.

Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary walls and are typically dead at maturity, providing structural support.

The double helix structure of DNA features two antiparallel strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

Systemic circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Viruses require host cells to replicate, as they lack the cellular machinery necessary for reproduction.

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate on their own and require a host cell for reproduction.