Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, making millions of copies of a target DNA segment.

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and comparison.

NADPH acts as an electron carrier in the light reactions.

NADP+ acts as the electron carrier, becoming NADPH after accepting electrons.

NADP+ acts as the primary electron carrier, becoming NADPH after accepting electrons.

Water acts as the primary electron donor in the light reactions, providing electrons.

ATP is the primary energy carrier used in the dark reactions (Calvin cycle).

ATP is the primary energy carrier produced during the light reactions.

Oxygen is released as a byproduct during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions when water molecules are split.

Glucose is produced during the Calvin cycle, which is part of the dark reactions.

NADPH is produced during the light reactions and is used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation.

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward during inhalation, increasing the thoracic cavity volume.

A nonsense mutation can result in a premature stop codon, leading to truncated proteins.

A missense mutation is a type of mutation that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein.

Uracil is a nitrogenous base found in RNA, replacing thymine which is present in DNA.

Thick cuticles help reduce water loss, making them crucial for survival in arid environments.

Broad leaves are not typically associated with desert plants, which usually have adaptations like thick cuticles and water storage tissues to conserve moisture.

Chordates are characterized by having a notochord at some stage in their life cycle, which is a defining feature of this group.

Fish are primarily aquatic animals that use gills to extract oxygen from water.

Frogs are a classic example of amphibians, which typically undergo metamorphosis from a larval stage to an adult form.

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine, which is found in DNA.

A frameshift mutation occurs when nucleotides are added or removed from the DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame and altering the resulting protein.

A recessive allele is only expressed in the phenotype when an individual has two copies of that allele (homozygous condition).

A test cross involves crossing an individual with an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the former.

Convergent evolution occurs when different species evolve similar traits due to adapting to similar environmental pressures.

Translation is the process where the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.

A homozygous genotype consists of two identical alleles for a trait, either both dominant or both recessive.

A mutation is defined as a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in gene function.

A phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, which result from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.