Q. In which phase of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide utilized?
A.Light reactions
B.Calvin cycle
C.Photorespiration
D.Electron transport chain
Solution
Carbon dioxide is utilized in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis.
Correct Answer: B — Calvin cycle
Q. In which phase of photosynthesis is glucose synthesized?
A.Light reactions
B.Calvin cycle
C.Photorespiration
D.Electron transport chain
Solution
Glucose is synthesized during the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Correct Answer: B — Calvin cycle
Q. In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
A.G1 phase
B.S phase
C.G2 phase
D.M phase
Solution
DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
Correct Answer: B — S phase
Q. In which plant group do you find the largest diversity of species?
A.Bryophytes
B.Angiosperms
C.Gymnosperms
D.Pteridophytes
Solution
Angiosperms, or flowering plants, represent the largest diversity of species in the plant kingdom.
Correct Answer: B — Angiosperms
Q. In which plant group would you find a vascular system with xylem and phloem?
A.Mosses
B.Ferns
C.Liverworts
D.Algae
Solution
Ferns possess a vascular system that includes xylem and phloem, allowing for efficient transport of water and nutrients.
Correct Answer: B — Ferns
Q. In which scenario would you use a high-level disinfectant?
A.For cleaning floors
B.For sterilizing surgical instruments
C.For disinfecting semi-critical items like endoscopes
D.For routine hand hygiene
Solution
High-level disinfectants are used for semi-critical items that come into contact with mucous membranes, such as endoscopes, where sterilization is not feasible.
Correct Answer: C — For disinfecting semi-critical items like endoscopes
Q. In which type of plant reproduction do gametes fuse to form a zygote?
A.Asexual reproduction
B.Vegetative propagation
C.Sexual reproduction
D.Apomixis
Solution
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new organism.
Correct Answer: C — Sexual reproduction
Q. In which type of reproduction do plants produce seeds without fertilization?
A.Asexual reproduction
B.Apomixis
C.Sexual reproduction
D.Vegetative propagation
Solution
Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization, allowing for the offspring to be genetically identical to the parent.
Correct Answer: B — Apomixis
Q. What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
A.Light reactions and Calvin cycle
B.Respiration and Fermentation
C.Transpiration and Absorption
D.Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
Solution
Photosynthesis consists of light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
Correct Answer: A — Light reactions and Calvin cycle
Q. What environmental factor is most critical for seed germination?
A.Light
B.Temperature
C.Soil type
D.Humidity
Solution
Temperature is a critical factor for seed germination, as it affects metabolic processes.
Correct Answer: B — Temperature
Q. What gas is primarily consumed during the respiration process in plants?
A.Oxygen
B.Carbon dioxide
C.Nitrogen
D.Hydrogen
Solution
Oxygen is primarily consumed during respiration, as it is used to oxidize glucose to release energy.
Correct Answer: A — Oxygen
Q. What gas is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis?
A.Oxygen
B.Carbon dioxide
C.Nitrogen
D.Hydrogen
Solution
Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis during the light reactions.
Correct Answer: A — Oxygen
Q. What is a codon?
A.A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA
B.A sequence of three nucleotides in RNA
C.A type of amino acid
D.A protein structure
Solution
A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.
Correct Answer: B — A sequence of three nucleotides in RNA
Q. What is a common application of CRISPR technology in plants?
A.Creating clones of plants
B.Editing specific genes for desired traits
C.Increasing photosynthesis efficiency
D.Enhancing seed germination
Solution
CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of specific genes to enhance traits such as disease resistance.
Correct Answer: B — Editing specific genes for desired traits
Q. What is a common application of gene cloning?
A.Producing insulin
B.Creating vaccines
C.Gene therapy
D.All of the above
Solution
Gene cloning is used in various applications, including producing insulin, creating vaccines, and gene therapy.
Correct Answer: D — All of the above
Q. What is a common application of plant tissue culture in biotechnology?
A.Pest control
B.Plant breeding
C.Propagation of disease-free plants
D.Soil improvement
Solution
Plant tissue culture is widely used to propagate disease-free plants, ensuring healthy stock for agriculture.
Correct Answer: C — Propagation of disease-free plants
Q. What is a common method for visualizing DNA after gel electrophoresis?
A.Fluorescent microscopy
B.Ethidium bromide staining
C.Western blotting
D.Southern blotting
Solution
Ethidium bromide staining intercalates with DNA and fluoresces under UV light, allowing visualization of DNA bands.
Correct Answer: B — Ethidium bromide staining
Q. What is a frameshift mutation?
A.A mutation that changes one amino acid
B.A mutation that adds or removes nucleotides, altering the reading frame
C.A mutation that occurs in non-coding regions
D.A mutation that duplicates a segment of DNA
Solution
A frameshift mutation occurs when nucleotides are added or deleted from the DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame and potentially altering all downstream amino acids.
Correct Answer: B — A mutation that adds or removes nucleotides, altering the reading frame
Q. What is a key difference between DNA and RNA?
A.DNA is single-stranded, RNA is double-stranded
B.RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
C.DNA is found in the cytoplasm, RNA is found in the nucleus
D.RNA is more stable than DNA
Solution
RNA contains uracil (U) in place of thymine (T), which is found in DNA, making this a key difference between the two nucleic acids.
Correct Answer: B — RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
Q. What is a major benefit of using genetically modified crops?
A.Increased nutritional value
B.Higher yield and pest resistance
C.Reduced need for pesticides
D.All of the above
Solution
Genetically modified crops can provide increased nutritional value, higher yield, pest resistance, and reduced pesticide use.
Correct Answer: D — All of the above
Q. What is a mutation?
A.A change in the DNA sequence
B.A process of DNA replication
C.The synthesis of RNA from DNA
D.The formation of ribosomes
Solution
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can affect gene function and protein production.
Correct Answer: A — A change in the DNA sequence
Q. What is a phenotype ratio of a dihybrid cross?
A.1:1
B.3:1
C.9:3:3:1
D.1:2:1
Solution
A dihybrid cross typically results in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio, representing the combinations of two traits.
Correct Answer: C — 9:3:3:1
Q. What is adaptive radiation in the context of plant evolution?
A.The process of plants adapting to a single environment
B.The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches
C.The extinction of plant species due to environmental changes
D.The gradual change of plant species over time
Solution
Adaptive radiation refers to the diversification of a group of organisms into various forms that adapt to different ecological niches.
Correct Answer: B — The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches
Q. What is apomixis in plants?
A.A form of sexual reproduction
B.A form of asexual reproduction without fertilization
C.The process of pollination
D.The formation of seeds from ovules
Solution
Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization.
Correct Answer: B — A form of asexual reproduction without fertilization
Q. What is herd immunity?
A.Immunity developed by individuals after infection
B.Immunity that protects a population when a large percentage is vaccinated
C.Immunity that occurs naturally in a population
D.Immunity that is passed from mother to child
Solution
Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of a population is vaccinated, reducing the spread of disease.
Correct Answer: B — Immunity that protects a population when a large percentage is vaccinated
Q. What is photolysis in the context of photosynthesis?
A.Splitting of water molecules
B.Formation of glucose
C.Absorption of light
D.Release of oxygen
Solution
Photolysis refers to the splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent reactions.
Correct Answer: A — Splitting of water molecules
Q. What is photophosphorylation?
A.Synthesis of glucose
B.Production of ATP using light energy
C.Conversion of NADP+ to NADPH
D.Splitting of water molecules
Solution
Photophosphorylation is the process of producing ATP using light energy during photosynthesis.
Correct Answer: B — Production of ATP using light energy
Q. What is phototropism?
A.Growth towards light
B.Growth away from light
C.Growth in response to gravity
D.Growth in response to water
Solution
Phototropism is the growth of a plant towards light, driven by auxin distribution.
Correct Answer: A — Growth towards light
Q. What is produced as a byproduct of the light reactions?
A.Glucose
B.Oxygen
C.NADPH
D.ATP
Solution
Oxygen is released as a byproduct of the light reactions during the splitting of water.
Correct Answer: B — Oxygen
Q. What is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
A.Glucose
B.Oxygen
C.NADPH
D.ATP
Solution
Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions.
