Butterflies are insects and belong to the class Insecta, characterized by having three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings.

Whales, particularly baleen whales, are filter feeders that consume small organisms by filtering water through their baleen plates.

Jellyfish are examples of cnidarians, which are known for their stinging cells called cnidocytes.

Goldfish are classified as bony fish, belonging to the class Osteichthyes, which have a skeleton made of bone.

Earthworms belong to the phylum Annelida, which is characterized by segmented bodies.

Phylum Chordata includes animals that possess a notochord at some stage of their development, such as sharks.

A climax community is a stable and mature ecological community that has reached a steady state.

A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which energy flows, from producers to consumers.

A food web is a complex network of feeding relationships that illustrates how different organisms are interconnected in an ecosystem.

A population is defined as all individuals of a particular species that live in a specific area.

A trophic level refers to the position an organism occupies in a food chain or food web, indicating its role in energy transfer.

Adaptive radiation refers to the rapid evolution of many species from a common ancestor, often in response to new environmental opportunities.

Genetic drift refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population, often having a more significant effect in small populations.

'Survival of the fittest' refers to the idea that those individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Adaptive radiation refers to the rapid evolution of many species from a common ancestor, often in response to new environmental opportunities.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support.

In an evolutionary context, 'fitness' refers to an organism's reproductive success and its ability to pass on its genes to the next generation.

Microbial fermentation is a key process in the production of biofuels, utilizing microorganisms to convert biomass into energy.

Gene therapy involves the introduction of normal genes into cells to correct genetic disorders.

Reptiles are known for having scales that protect their bodies and reduce water loss.

Kingdom is the most inclusive classification among the options provided, encompassing a large group of related organisms.

Pneumonia can lead to decreased lung compliance due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli, making it harder for the lungs to expand.

Asthma can cause inflammation and constriction of the airways, leading to impaired gas exchange in the lungs.

Hypoventilation leads to an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood, resulting in respiratory acidosis.

All of the above conditions can lead to proteinuria, which is the presence of protein in urine, indicating possible kidney issues.

Asthma is a condition that causes difficulty in breathing due to the narrowing of airways.

The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.

All of the above cycles (water, carbon, and nitrogen) are essential for the growth of plants.

Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits.

Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium.