Selectable markers are genes that confer resistance to antibiotics or other substances, allowing for the identification of cells that have successfully taken up the vector.

Selectable marker genes are used to identify cells that have successfully taken up the recombinant DNA, allowing researchers to select for those cells.

Taq polymerase is a heat-stable enzyme used in PCR to synthesize new DNA strands by extending primers during the amplification process.

Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, which is essential for cloning and genetic engineering.

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, which is essential for creating recombinant DNA molecules in genetic engineering.

A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a particular gene, driving the expression of the inserted gene in a recombinant DNA molecule.

Selectable markers are genes that confer resistance to antibiotics or other substances, allowing researchers to identify cells that have successfully taken up the recombinant DNA.

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, which is crucial for creating recombinant DNA molecules.

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently and are commonly used as vectors to transfer genes into host cells in genetic engineering.

PCR is a technique that allows for the amplification of specific DNA sequences, making it a crucial tool in molecular biology and biotechnology.

A good cloning vector should have a high copy number to ensure that multiple copies of the inserted gene are produced within the host cell.

GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques, often incorporating genes from other species.

Plasmids are commonly used as vectors in gene cloning because they can replicate independently within a host cell.

Electroporation is a method used to introduce DNA into host cells by applying an electrical field to increase the permeability of the cell membrane.

Electroporation is a method used to introduce foreign DNA into host cells by applying an electrical field to increase the permeability of the cell membrane.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a widely used method for transferring genes into plant cells, making it a key technique in plant biotechnology.

Biotechnology has various applications in agriculture, including the development of pest-resistant crops, production of biofuels, and creation of synthetic hormones.

The Sanger method is a widely used technique for DNA sequencing, allowing for the determination of the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA, which is not a step in gene cloning.

Protein synthesis is not a step in recombinant DNA technology; the process focuses on manipulating DNA rather than directly synthesizing proteins.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and purification of DNA.

E. coli is the most commonly used host for cloning human genes due to its rapid growth and well-understood genetics, but yeast and mice are also used in specific contexts.