Copper is more likely to be reduced because it has a higher reduction potential compared to the other metals listed.

Iron is most susceptible to corrosion in the presence of moisture, leading to rust formation.

Aluminum commonly forms a +3 oxidation state in its compounds.

Iron commonly forms octahedral complexes with a coordination number of 6 due to its ability to accommodate six ligands.

Sodium is highly reactive and readily undergoes oxidation due to its low ionization energy.

Sodium is highly reactive and readily loses an electron, making it likely to undergo oxidation.

Gold is less reactive and more likely to be reduced compared to the other metals listed.

Gold is often extracted using hydrometallurgy, particularly through cyanidation.

Gold is often extracted using hydrometallurgical methods such as cyanidation.

All of the listed methods can be employed to identify cations in a solution through various analytical techniques.

All of the listed methods—pH meter, visual color change, and conductivity measurement—can be used to monitor the endpoint of a titration.

All of the listed methods can be used to perform titrations, including manual, automated, and microscale techniques.

Primary amines can be prepared by the reduction of nitriles, hydrolysis of amides, and alkylation of ammonia.

Electrophoresis separates proteins based on their charge and size when an electric field is applied.

Precipitation reactions are commonly used to qualitatively analyze cations by forming insoluble compounds that can be visually identified.

Precipitation reactions are commonly used to identify anions by forming insoluble salts.

H2O exhibits hydrogen bonding due to the presence of highly electronegative oxygen atoms bonded to hydrogen.

CO2 has a linear geometry due to its two double bonds and no lone pairs on the central atom, resulting in a bond angle of 180 degrees.

O2 has a nonpolar covalent bond because it consists of two identical oxygen atoms sharing electrons equally.

BF3 has three bonding pairs and no lone pairs, resulting in a trigonal planar geometry.

In C2H4 (ethylene), each carbon atom is sp2 hybridized, forming three sigma bonds and one pi bond, resulting in a planar structure.

H2O has a bent shape and significant electronegativity difference between H and O, resulting in a higher dipole moment compared to CO2, CH4, and NH3.

CO2 is linear and symmetrical, leading to cancellation of dipole moments, making it nonpolar.

The d orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons (5 orbitals, each can hold 2 electrons).

The p orbital can hold a maximum of 6 electrons (2 per each of the 3 p orbitals).

Nylon is a synthetic polymer known for its high tensile strength and is widely used in textiles and fibers.

Polyimide is known for its high thermal stability and is used in applications such as aerospace and electronics.

Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water absorbs heat from the surroundings, making it an endothermic process.

The melting of ice is an endothermic process, which absorbs heat and results in a positive enthalpy change (ΔH > 0).

Leaching is a process used to concentrate ores by dissolving the desired metal into a solution.