Flame photometry is commonly used to identify alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, such as calcium, based on their characteristic emission spectra.

As the positive charge increases, the ionic radius decreases; Si4+ has the smallest radius.

Iodide ions produce a characteristic yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide when treated with lead(II) nitrate.

Chloride ions react with silver nitrate to form a white precipitate of silver chloride.

Iodide ions produce a yellow precipitate of silver iodide when treated with silver nitrate, while chloride produces a white precipitate and bromide a cream precipitate.

A thermodynamically stable reaction is characterized by a negative Gibbs free energy change, indicating that the products are favored.

Alkenes are defined by the presence of at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Carboxylic acids are defined by the presence of the -COOH functional group.

A characteristic feature of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions is the formation of a sigma complex (arenium ion) during the reaction.

Esters are characterized by the presence of the -O- group between two carbon chains, typically represented as RCOOR'.

Haloarenes are characterized by the presence of a benzene ring, which affects their reactivity and properties.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve the displacement of a leaving group by a nucleophile, which is a defining characteristic of these reactions.

Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) as their functional group.

Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) as their functional group.

A coordination compound has a central metal atom bonded to one or more ligands.

A good reducing agent should have low ionization energy, allowing it to easily donate electrons.

A good reducing agent has a low oxidation potential, allowing it to easily donate electrons.

A good titration indicator should exhibit a sharp color change at the endpoint to clearly signal the completion of the reaction.

A Lewis acid is defined as an electron pair acceptor.

A nucleophile is characterized by its ability to donate electrons to form a bond with an electrophile.

At equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, but the concentrations of reactants and products do not have to be equal.

Strong bases, like NaOH, have a high pH and completely dissociate in water, leading to high conductivity.

Weak acids have a high pKa value, indicating they do not completely dissociate in solution.

In a zero-order reaction, the rate is constant and does not depend on the concentration of the reactants.

Aldehydes have a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain.

Alkenes are characterized by the presence of at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Alkynes are characterized by the presence of at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

E1 mechanisms involve the formation of a carbocation intermediate, which is a key feature of this type of elimination reaction.

E2 reactions require a strong base and occur in a single step, eliminating a leaving group and a hydrogen atom.

Elimination reactions typically involve the removal of atoms or groups from a molecule, resulting in the formation of a double bond.