Werner's theory accounts for various types of isomerism, including geometric, optical, and structural isomerism in coordination compounds.

2,3-dimethylbutane has no chiral centers, so it has only 1 stereoisomer.

1,2-dichloropropane has one chiral center, leading to 2 stereoisomers.

The coordination number refers to the number of ligands that are directly bonded to the central metal ion in a coordination complex.

In a galvanic cell, reduction occurs at the cathode, where electrons are gained.

The solvent can influence the reaction rate by stabilizing the transition state and the reactants involved in the nucleophilic substitution.

An intermediate is a species that is produced in one step of a reaction mechanism and consumed in a later step.

In an E2 reaction, the base abstracts a proton from the β-carbon, facilitating the elimination of the leaving group and formation of a double bond.

E2 reactions require a good leaving group to facilitate the elimination of the leaving group and the formation of a double bond.

The major product is 2-bromopropane due to Markovnikov's rule, where the bromine adds to the more substituted carbon.

The formation of the carbocation is the rate-determining step in an SN1 reaction, as it involves breaking the bond to the leaving group.

S_N2 reactions result in inversion of configuration at the chiral center due to the backside attack of the nucleophile.

The rate-determining step is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism, which controls the overall reaction rate.

Polyalkylation can occur in Friedel-Crafts alkylation, leading to multiple alkyl groups being added to the benzene ring.

In the Langmuir isotherm, 'K' is the equilibrium constant that relates the concentration of adsorbate in the gas phase to the amount adsorbed on the surface.

Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst in the generation of the nitronium ion (NO2+), the active electrophile in the nitration reaction.

The electrophile in the nitration of benzene is the nitronium ion (NO2+), generated from the reaction of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

In the nitration of benzene, concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used to generate the nitronium ion (NO2+) from nitric acid (HNO3).

Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used to generate the nitronium ion (NO2+) from nitric acid (HNO3) in the nitration of benzene.

The major product is para-nitrotoluene due to steric hindrance at the ortho position, making the para position more favorable for substitution.

The para position is favored in the nitration of toluene due to the electron-donating effect of the methyl group, which stabilizes the carbocation intermediate.

The predominant product is nitrotoluene, specifically ortho- and para-nitrotoluene due to the activating effect of the methyl group.

Aniline will undergo substitution the fastest due to the strong activating effect of the amino group, which donates electron density to the ring.

The addition of HBr to an alkene follows Markovnikov's rule, leading to the formation of the more stable alkyl bromide as the major product.

According to Markovnikov's rule, the hydrogen from HBr adds to the less substituted carbon of the alkene, leading to the formation of the Markovnikov product.

This reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution where bromine acts as an electrophile.

Benzyl chloride can stabilize a carbocation, thus the SN1 mechanism is favored when reacting with a strong nucleophile.

The reaction of benzyl chloride with sodium hydroxide primarily follows the SN1 mechanism due to the stability of the benzyl carbocation formed during the reaction.

The hydrogenation of cyclohexene in the presence of a catalyst leads to the formation of cyclohexane.

Ligands act as electron donors to the metal ion, forming coordinate covalent bonds and stabilizing the coordination complex.