The presence of solute particles reduces the number of solvent molecules at the surface, leading to a lower vapor pressure.

Gases can be compressed due to large intermolecular spaces between particles, unlike liquids and solids.

In a solution of acetic acid, the primary species present is the undissociated acetic acid (CH3COOH), along with some dissociated ions.

In a solution of sodium acetate, the acetate ion (CH3COO-) is the primary species that affects the pH.

Sodium chloride is primarily held together by ionic bonds formed between Na+ and Cl- ions.

The principal quantum number n for the 5d subshell is 5.

The ground state of a hydrogen atom corresponds to n=1.

Chlorine has an atomic number of 17, and its outermost electrons are in the n=3 shell.

Potassium has the electronic configuration [Ar] 4s1, so the principal quantum number of the outermost electron is 4.

Chlorine has an atomic number of 17, and its valence electrons are in the n=3 shell.

The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state.

The product formed is Fe (iron) when Fe2O3 is reduced by carbon monoxide.

The rate law expression is derived directly from the rate equation, which is given as rate = k[A]^2[B].

C2O4^2- is the reducing agent as it donates electrons.

Zinc (Zn) is the reducing agent as it donates electrons to copper.

The correct reduction half-reaction in acidic medium is MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O.

The correct reduction half-reaction shows the gain of electrons and protons.

The reduction half-reaction is Cu^2+ + 2e^- → Cu.

In acidic medium, MnO4- is reduced to Mn2+.

The relationship is given by H = U + PV, where H is enthalpy, U is internal energy, and PV is the pressure-volume work.

The relationship is given by the equation H = U + PV, where H is enthalpy, U is internal energy, P is pressure, and V is volume.

At constant pressure, the relationship is given by ΔH = ΔU + PΔV.

A higher entropy generally indicates a spontaneous process, as spontaneous processes tend to increase the overall disorder of the system.

Entropy generally increases with increasing temperature due to increased molecular motion and disorder.

A negative ΔG (< 0) indicates that a reaction is spontaneous under the given conditions.

The relationship is given by ΔG = -RT ln(K), where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

For an ideal gas, the heat capacity at constant pressure (C_p) is greater than the heat capacity at constant volume (C_v).

For an ideal gas, C_p is always greater than C_v due to the work done during expansion.

For a conjugate acid-base pair, the relationship is Ka * Kb = Kw, where Kw is the ion product of water.