The use of 'failed to consider counterarguments' indicates that the argument is not strong, thus 'flawed' is the correct choice.

The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.

Total sum = 5 * 18 = 90. New sum = 4 * 16 = 64. Excluded number = 90 - 64 = 26.

Total of five numbers = 5 * 18 = 90. Total of four numbers = 4 * 16 = 64. Removed number = 90 - 64 = 26.

Total sum = 5 * 50 = 250. New total = 250 + 10 = 260. New average = 260 / 5 = 52.

Let the integers be x, x+1, x+2. The average is (x + (x + 1) + (x + 2)) / 3 = 20. Solving gives x = 18.

Let the three numbers be x, y, z.  (x + y + z) / 3 = 30 => x + y + z = 90. After removing one number, (x + y) / 2 = 25 => x + y = 50. Therefore, removed number = 90 - 50 = 40.

The average speed of gas molecules is given by the formula v_avg = (8kT/πm)^(1/2), where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and m is the mass of a gas molecule.

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.

The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 is significant for dividing Africa among European powers, leading to arbitrary borders that disregarded ethnic and cultural divisions.

The Berlin Conference regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, leading to the 'Scramble for Africa'.

The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme, launched in 2015, aims to prevent gender discrimination and promote the education of girls.

The Bhakti movement emphasized personal devotion to God, transcending caste and ritualistic practices.

The Bhakti movement emphasized personal devotion to God and sought to transcend caste divisions, promoting a sense of unity among diverse communities.

The Bill of Rights is significant because it enumerated specific rights and protections for individuals, ensuring fundamental liberties such as freedom of speech and religion.

To convert from passive to active voice, identify the subject performing the action. Here, 'the students' is the subject who reads 'the book'.

The Booker Prize is awarded annually for the best original novel written in the English language and published in the UK.

The Booker Prize is awarded for the best original novel written in the English language.

The Brihadeeswarar Temple, built in the 11th century, is a prime example of Chola architecture, showcasing the grandeur of Dravidian style.

The British East India Company primarily governed India through indirect rule, utilizing local princes and zamindars to maintain control.

According to Archimedes' principle, the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

According to Archimedes' principle, the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

In active voice, the subject 'my mother' performs the action of baking the cake, thus it becomes 'My mother baked the cake.'

Capacitance (C) is directly proportional to the area of the plates (A) and the dielectric constant (ε) and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between the plates.

The capacitance (C) of a parallel plate capacitor is given by the formula C = ε₀A/d, where A is the area of the plates and d is the separation between them.

The most logical option is 'mat' as it is a common place for a cat to sit.

The word 'excited' describes the children's feelings about the circus.

Circumference = 2πr => r = circumference / (2π) = 31.4 / (2 * 3.14) = 5 cm

The correct form is 'The committee has made its decision.' 'Committee' is a collective noun and is treated as singular.

The context indicates that participants were looking forward to the event, so 'disappointment' is the most fitting response.