Phylum Chordata includes animals that possess a notochord at some stage of their development, such as sharks.

A climax community is a stable and mature ecological community that has reached a steady state.

A food web is a complex network of feeding relationships that illustrates how different organisms are interconnected in an ecosystem.

A trophic level refers to the position an organism occupies in a food chain or food web, indicating its role in energy transfer.

Adaptive radiation refers to the rapid evolution of many species from a common ancestor, often in response to new environmental opportunities.

Genetic drift refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population, often having a more significant effect in small populations.

In liquids, particles are close together but can move past each other, allowing liquids to flow.

According to the kinetic molecular theory, gas particles are in constant random motion.

'Survival of the fittest' refers to the idea that those individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

In gases, particles are far apart and move freely, allowing them to fill the container they are in.

Adaptive radiation refers to the rapid evolution of many species from a common ancestor, often in response to new environmental opportunities.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, carry genetic information.

Butanoic acid has a pungent odor, often described as rancid butter.

Butanoic acid has the highest boiling point due to its longer carbon chain and greater molecular weight.

Adding a catalyst speeds up the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, thus it does not affect the position of equilibrium.

Reptiles are known for having scales that protect their bodies and reduce water loss.

Kingdom is the most inclusive classification among the options provided, encompassing a large group of related organisms.

[CoCl2(NH3)4]+ can exhibit geometrical isomerism due to the different arrangements of ligands around the cobalt ion.

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ has unpaired electrons, making it paramagnetic, while the others have all paired electrons.

Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aniline using reducing agents like Sn/HCl.

Nitrous acid can be used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as it reacts differently with each type.

C2H4COOH (acetic acid) contains the carboxylic acid functional group (-COOH).

Carbon monoxide (CO) contains a coordinate bond between carbon and oxygen.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) contains double bonds between carbon and oxygen.

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) contains silicon, which is a p-block element.

In sodium hydride (NaH), hydrogen has an oxidation state of -1.

HCl has a dipole moment because it is a polar molecule with a significant difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine.

All the listed compounds represent common oxidation states of vanadium: +5 in V2O5, +2 in VO, and +3 in V2O3.

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a hydrogen halide, which is a binary compound of hydrogen and a halogen.