Mutation refers to random changes in DNA that can lead to genetic variation within a population, which is a key factor in evolution.

Global warming refers specifically to the long-term rise in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.

Global warming refers specifically to the gradual increase in Earth's average temperature due to human activities.

Global warming refers specifically to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to human activities.

Succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.

Succession refers to the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.

The heat required to change a substance from solid to liquid at constant temperature is called the latent heat of fusion.

Extirpation refers to the loss of a species from a particular habitat, while extinction refers to the loss of a species globally.

Habitat fragmentation leads to the loss of biodiversity as it divides ecosystems and isolates species.

Transpiration is the process of water vapor loss from the aerial parts of plants, mainly through stomata.

The male gamete in flowering plants is contained within the pollen grain.

The stamen is the male reproductive part of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament.

The maximum amount of adsorbate that can be adsorbed on a given mass of adsorbent is referred to as the adsorption capacity.

The maximum amount of adsorbate that can be adsorbed on a unit mass of adsorbent is referred to as the adsorption capacity.

The maximum amount of solute that can be adsorbed on a surface is referred to as the adsorption capacity.

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support sustainably.

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Transpiration refers to the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, which helps in moving water against gravity.

Translocation refers to the movement of water and nutrients through the plant, specifically from roots to leaves.

Surface tension is the phenomenon where a liquid's surface behaves like a stretched elastic membrane due to cohesive forces.

Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Meiosis is the process that leads to the formation of gametes, reducing the chromosome number by half.

Urine formation involves filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes in the nephron.

Adsorption is the process where a solid attracts and holds molecules of a liquid or gas on its surface.

The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas is called the boiling point.

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma is called pollination.

Self-pollination refers to the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower, leading to fertilization.

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem, encompassing species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

Expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the end of a normal exhalation.

The term independent of x is given by C(8,4) * (2x)^4 * (-3)^4 = 70 * 16 * 81 = -256.