Magnesium is oxidized as it loses electrons and its oxidation state increases from 0 to +2.

N2 is reduced to NH3 as it gains electrons.

Iron (Fe) is oxidized as it loses electrons to form Fe2O3.

Copper (Cu) is reduced as it gains electrons from zinc.

Cu is oxidized to Cu2+ as it loses electrons in the reaction.

Zn is oxidized to Zn2+ as it loses electrons.

In C2O4^2-, the oxidation state of carbon is +3.

Adsorption is widely used in water purification processes to remove impurities.

Particles in a solid have the least amount of energy compared to liquids, gases, and plasma.

In gases, particles move freely and are far apart compared to solids and liquids.

The half-life of a first-order reaction is independent of the initial concentration and is directly proportional to the rate constant.

The half-life of a first-order reaction is given by the formula t1/2 = 0.693/k, where k is the rate constant.

The Langmuir isotherm assumes that adsorption occurs at specific sites, leading to a monolayer coverage of the adsorbate.

In the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum coverage of adsorbate on the adsorbent is referred to as a monolayer.

The rate constant of a reaction is affected by the nature of the reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.

Enthalpy refers to the heat content of a system at constant pressure, defined as internal energy plus pressure times volume.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.

According to Boyle's Law, if the volume decreases and temperature is constant, the pressure increases.

During an isothermal expansion, the temperature of the gas remains constant as the system absorbs heat to do work.

According to Charles's Law, the volume of a gas increases with an increase in temperature at constant pressure.

The atomic mass of Oxygen is approximately 16 u.

The atomic mass of Sodium (Na) is approximately 22.99 u.

The atomic number of Carbon is 6, which is the number of protons in its nucleus.

The atomic number of Oxygen is 8.

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are their basic building blocks.

The boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure is 100°C.

The boiling point of alcohols increases with molecular weight due to stronger hydrogen bonding.

Primary amines have higher boiling points than secondary and tertiary amines due to stronger hydrogen bonding.

Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes due to hydrogen bonding.

Amines have higher boiling points than alkanes due to hydrogen bonding.