Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation, providing the raw material for evolution.

All of the listed options contribute significantly to water pollution, affecting aquatic life and human health.

Bioremediation is primarily used to clean up environmental pollutants using microorganisms.

CRISPR technology is primarily used for gene editing, allowing precise modifications to DNA sequences.

Insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology is primarily used to treat diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels.

The probability of obtaining a homozygous recessive offspring (aa) from a cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa) is 25%.

Replication is the process by which DNA is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.

The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization.

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, which is essential for creating recombinant DNA molecules in genetic engineering.

A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a gene, allowing for the expression of the inserted gene in the host organism.

A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a particular gene, driving the expression of the inserted gene in a recombinant DNA molecule.

Selectable markers are genes that confer resistance to antibiotics or other substances, allowing for the identification of cells that have successfully taken up the vector.

Selectable markers are genes that confer resistance to antibiotics or other substances, allowing researchers to identify cells that have successfully taken up the recombinant DNA.

Biopesticides are used to control pests through natural organisms, making option 'To control pests using natural organisms' the correct answer.

CRISPR technology is primarily used for gene editing, allowing precise modifications to DNA.

DNA fingerprinting is used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA profiles, making it crucial in forensic science.

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, which is essential for cloning and genetic engineering.

The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is approximately -70 mV.

Cytokinesis results in the physical separation of the cytoplasm, leading to the formation of two daughter cells.

A Punnett square is used to predict the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a vector for gene delivery in plant biotechnology.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a vector to transfer genes into plant cells.

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate sodium and potassium levels, thus influencing blood pressure.

Biopesticides are used to control pest populations in an environmentally friendly manner, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides.

Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that allows myosin to bind to actin.

Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis as it captures light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Condoms are used to prevent both pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, which is crucial for creating recombinant DNA molecules.