The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.

All of the above cycles (water, carbon, and nitrogen) are essential for the growth of plants.

The carbon cycle is involved in photosynthesis, as plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Scandium has the highest atomic radius among the given d-block elements.

Copper (Cu) is known for its excellent electrical conductivity.

Mercury (Hg) is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

Nickel (Ni) is commonly used in making various alloys due to its strength and corrosion resistance.

Stage 2 of the demographic transition model is characterized by high birth and declining death rates, leading to population growth.

A consistent system can either have one solution or infinitely many solutions.

Dependent systems have infinitely many solutions as they represent the same line.

A polynomial that includes a variable in the denominator is not a polynomial function.

Random errors are caused by unpredictable fluctuations in the measurement process, often due to environmental factors.

In circular polarization, the electric field vector rotates in a circular motion as the wave propagates.

Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits.

In overdamped oscillations, the system returns to equilibrium without oscillating due to strong damping.

Poisson's ratio (ν) is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain.

In a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure, the arrangement of atoms follows an ABABAB pattern.

In gases, particles are far apart and move freely, allowing them to fill the container they are in.

Ductile materials can be stretched into wires without breaking.

A Zener diode is designed to maintain a constant voltage across it when reverse-biased, allowing it to regulate voltage.

Gases have no definite shape or volume and will expand to fill the entire volume of their container.

According to Archimedes' principle, the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Quantization means that energy levels in an atom are discrete, not continuous.

Work is defined as the product of force applied over a distance in the direction of the force.

The Doppler effect refers to the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

The emission spectrum of hydrogen is a line spectrum, consisting of discrete lines corresponding to specific wavelengths of light emitted by electrons transitioning between energy levels.

A cubic function has one end rising and the other falling, characteristic of odd-degree polynomials.

Since the leading coefficient is negative and the degree is even, both ends of the polynomial go down.

An ideal fluid is defined as being incompressible and non-viscous, meaning it has no internal friction.

The motion of a damped oscillator is described by x(t) = A e^(-bt) cos(ωt), where b is the damping coefficient.