In FeCl3, iron (Fe) has a primary oxidation state of +3.

In lead(II) oxide, lead has an oxidation state of +2.

In KMnO4, manganese has an oxidation state of +7.

In MnO4-, manganese has an oxidation state of +7.

In ammonia, nitrogen has an oxidation state of -3.

In nitric acid, nitrogen has an oxidation state of +5.

In sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sulfur has an oxidation state of +6.

Ozone is a key component of photochemical smog, formed by the reaction of sunlight with pollutants like nitrogen oxides.

Particulate matter is a primary pollutant in smog, contributing to air quality issues.

Spectroscopy relies on the absorption of light by substances, which can be used to identify different groups based on their unique absorption spectra.

Photosynthesis is the primary process by which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy by plants.

Adsorption primarily involves physical attraction between the adsorbate and the surface of the adsorbent.

Adsorption of gases on solid surfaces primarily occurs due to Van der Waals forces, which are weak intermolecular forces.

Adsorption of gases on solid surfaces primarily occurs due to Van der Waals forces, which are weak intermolecular forces that allow gas molecules to adhere to the surface.

Colloidal solutions are formed by the dispersion of fine particles in a medium, which is the process of dispersion.

The primary process that shapes landforms is plate tectonics, which involves the movement of the Earth's lithospheric plates.

Algae are the primary producers in a freshwater ecosystem as they perform photosynthesis.

The primary product of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is water (H2O).

The primary product of nuclear fusion reactions in stars is helium, formed from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei.

The primary product of nuclear fission is energy, along with neutrons and smaller nuclei.

The primary product of nuclear fusion in stars like the Sun is helium, formed from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei.

The complete combustion of hydrocarbons primarily produces carbon dioxide and water.

The complete combustion of propane produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) as primary products.

The primary products of the electrolysis of water are hydrogen and oxygen gases.

The fission of Uranium-235 primarily produces Barium and Krypton along with additional neutrons.

The primary product of the fusion of hydrogen nuclei (protons) is helium, along with the release of energy.

Hydrolysis of an ester produces both an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

The reaction leads to the formation of 1-cyanobutane through nucleophilic substitution.

The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst produces an ester.

Ethene reacts with bromine to form 1,2-dibromoethane through an electrophilic addition mechanism.