Mughal economic policies included centralized control over trade, decentralized revenue collection, and promotion of local handicrafts, contributing to a vibrant economy.

The efficiency of a Carnot engine is determined by the temperatures of both the hot and cold reservoirs, given by the formula η = 1 - (T_c/T_h).

The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of work done by the engine to the heat absorbed from the hot reservoir.

The electric field (E) between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is given by the formula E = V/d, where V is the voltage and d is the separation between the plates.

The electric field (E) between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is given by the expression E = V/d, where V is the voltage and d is the distance between the plates.

The electric field E due to a dipole at a point along the axial line is given by E = (1/4πε₀) * (2p) / r³.

The electric field (E) due to a point charge (Q) is given by E = kQ/r^2, where k is Coulomb's constant.

The electric potential (V) due to a point charge (Q) at a distance (r) is given by V = kQ/r, where k is Coulomb's constant.

The electric potential outside a uniformly charged sphere is the same as that due to a point charge located at the center of the sphere.

The electrochemical series arranges elements based on their standard electrode potentials.

The electrochemical series is a list of electrodes arranged by their standard electrode potentials, indicating their tendency to gain or lose electrons.

The energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is maximum at the amplitude, where the velocity is zero and all energy is potential.

The total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is proportional to the square of the amplitude.

The energy stored in a capacitor is given by U = 1/2 CV^2, which shows it is proportional to both charge and voltage.

The energy (U) stored in a capacitor is given by the formula U = 1/2 CV^2, where C is capacitance and V is voltage.

Potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration.

The enthalpy change for a reaction can be calculated using bond energies, standard enthalpies of formation, and calorimetry.

A positive enthalpy change indicates that the reaction absorbs heat, thus it is endothermic.

The enthalpy of vaporization is the heat required to convert a liquid into a gas at constant temperature and pressure.

The enthalpy of vaporization of water is approximately 40.79 kJ/mol.

The enthalpy of vaporization of water is approximately 2260 kJ/mol.

For a phase transition at constant temperature, the change in entropy is given by ΔS = ΔH/T, where ΔH is the enthalpy change.

The change in entropy for a reaction is calculated using the formula ΔS = ΣS(products) - ΣS(reactants).

According to the third law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero.

According to the third law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero, which is the minimum value.

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

According to the third law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly zero.

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystalline substance approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

According to the third law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a perfect crystalline substance at absolute zero is exactly zero.

According to the third law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a perfect crystalline substance at absolute zero is zero.