The first genetically modified organism, a bacterium, was created in 1973 by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen, marking a significant milestone in biotechnology.

The primary goal of synthetic biology is to create new biological parts and systems, enabling the design and construction of new biological functions.

Louis Pasteur is known for pioneering fermentation and pasteurization processes, which are foundational to the field of biotechnology.

During the Medieval period, biotechnology primarily revolved around fermentation processes, which were crucial for the production of bread, beer, and wine.

The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its advanced agricultural practices, including the domestication of plants and animals, which are foundational aspects of biotechnology.

The Human Genome Project, completed in the early 2000s, was a landmark event that advanced biotechnology by mapping the entire human genome, paving the way for genetic research and applications.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety addresses the safe transfer, handling, and use of living modified organisms resulting from biotechnology.

Gene therapy is a biotechnological application primarily used in medicine to treat or prevent diseases by modifying genes.

All of the options listed are key ethical concerns associated with modern biotechnology, including food security, biodiversity loss, and intellectual property rights.

Genetic modification of crops is a significant application of biotechnology in agriculture, allowing for enhanced traits such as pest resistance and increased yield.