The Space Race intensified the competition between the USA and USSR, symbolizing technological and ideological superiority, which significantly influenced international relations during the Cold War.

The first genetically modified organism, a bacterium, was created in 1973 by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen, marking a significant milestone in biotechnology.

The term 'Artificial Intelligence' was coined in the 1950s during a conference at Dartmouth College.

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press around 1440, which revolutionized the spread of information.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, which led to the development of antibiotics.

Apple introduced the Apple II in 1977, which is considered one of the first successful personal computers.

The compass was invented in medieval China and played a crucial role in maritime navigation.

Alexander Graham Bell is credited with the invention of the telephone in 1876, revolutionizing communication.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in his work 'On the Origin of Species' published in 1859.

The primary goal of synthetic biology is to create new biological parts and systems, enabling the design and construction of new biological functions.

Louis Pasteur is known for pioneering fermentation and pasteurization processes, which are foundational to the field of biotechnology.

The launch of the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990 significantly enhanced our understanding of the universe by providing clearer images of celestial bodies, leading to numerous discoveries in astronomy.

During the Medieval period, biotechnology primarily revolved around fermentation processes, which were crucial for the production of bread, beer, and wine.

The Analytical Engine, designed by Charles Babbage in the 1830s, was intended to perform arithmetic calculations.

The Apollo program, initiated by NASA in the 1960s, aimed primarily to land humans on the Moon and return them safely to Earth, achieving this goal with Apollo 11 in 1969.

ARPANET was developed to enable communication between military and academic researchers, serving as the precursor to the modern internet.

The dot-com bubble was characterized by excessive speculation in internet-based companies, leading to a market crash in 2000.

The Copernican Revolution, initiated by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century, introduced the heliocentric model, fundamentally changing the understanding of the universe and paving the way for modern astronomy.

The Babylonians are credited with the development of the first known star catalog, which dates back to around 1000 BCE, showcasing their advanced astronomical knowledge.

The Babylonian Civilization (circa 2000 BCE) is renowned for its early astronomical observations and the establishment of observatories, which laid the groundwork for future astronomical studies.

The Greeks, particularly figures like Copernicus, contributed significantly to the development of the heliocentric model of the universe.

The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its advanced agricultural practices, including the domestication of plants and animals, which are foundational aspects of biotechnology.

The Aryabhatiya, written by the mathematician Aryabhata in the 5th century CE, contains significant astronomical knowledge and calculations, showcasing the advanced understanding of astronomy in ancient India.

The Human Genome Project, completed in the early 2000s, was a landmark event that advanced biotechnology by mapping the entire human genome, paving the way for genetic research and applications.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety addresses the safe transfer, handling, and use of living modified organisms resulting from biotechnology.

Gene therapy is a biotechnological application primarily used in medicine to treat or prevent diseases by modifying genes.

The launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1957 is widely regarded as the event that marked the beginning of the Space Age, initiating the exploration of outer space.

Aryabhata is credited with the introduction of the concept of zero in mathematics, which was a significant advancement in the field.

All of the options listed are key ethical concerns associated with modern biotechnology, including food security, biodiversity loss, and intellectual property rights.

On-demand self-service is a key feature of cloud computing, allowing users to access resources as needed without human intervention.