Electroporation is a method used to introduce foreign DNA into host cells by applying an electrical field to increase the permeability of the cell membrane.

Ion pumps are a form of active transport that move ions against their concentration gradient using energy.

Bioremediation involves using microorganisms, such as bacteria, to degrade environmental contaminants like oil spills.

Organisms can be classified using morphological, physiological, and genetic methods.

Abstinence is a method of contraception that involves refraining from sexual activity to prevent pregnancy.

All of the mentioned methods are effective in controlling microbial growth in food.

Gene therapy involves inserting a healthy gene into a patient's cells to treat genetic disorders.

Wildlife sanctuaries are a method of in-situ conservation as they protect species in their natural habitats.

Vaccination is a key method for preventing the spread of infectious diseases by building immunity.

Insulin is produced using fermentation processes involving genetically modified bacteria.

Composting utilizes microbes to decompose organic waste into nutrient-rich compost.

Bioremediation is the process of using microbes to clean up contaminated environments.

Cutting is a method of vegetative propagation where a part of the plant is cut and planted to grow a new plant.

Both cohesion (water molecules sticking to each other) and adhesion (water molecules sticking to other surfaces) are important for water transport in plants.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a method used for cloning, where the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to an egg cell.

Micropropagation is a method used for cloning plants by growing them from small tissue samples in a controlled environment.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a method used for amplifying DNA, which is essential in gene cloning.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary gene editing technology that allows for precise modifications to DNA.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a widely used method for transferring genes into plant cells, making it a key technique in plant biotechnology.

Microinjection is a method used to introduce foreign DNA into the cells of an organism, facilitating the creation of genetically modified organisms.

Hybridoma technology is the method used for the production of monoclonal antibodies by fusing myeloma cells with specific immune cells.

Microinjection, electroporation, and gene gun techniques are all methods used to produce transgenic animals.

Insulin is produced using fermentation processes involving genetically modified bacteria that can synthesize insulin.

Bracts are modified leaves that can be found associated with flowers.

A bract is a modified leaf that can be found at the base of a flower or inflorescence.

All of the options listed (tuber, rhizome, and bulb) are examples of modified stems.

Hydra is a multicellular organism, while the others are unicellular.

Viruses are non-cellular entities that require a host cell to replicate.

Diabetes is classified as a non-communicable disease.

Pine trees are gymnosperms and are considered non-flowering plants as they do not produce flowers.