A +M group increases the stability of a carbocation by donating electron density through resonance.

A -I group decreases the stability of a carbocation by withdrawing electron density.

The -F group shows a -I effect as it withdraws electron density through its electronegativity.

In aromatic compounds, the mesomeric effect dominates due to resonance stabilization.

In acetic acid, the inductive effect of the –COOH group influences the acidity of the compound.

-NO2 is a strong electron-withdrawing group and destabilizes benzene derivatives.

-CF3 is a strong electron-withdrawing group, which destabilizes the benzene ring.

The -CH3 group is an electron-donating group and stabilizes the carbocation through hyperconjugation.

The -COOH group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, thus it destabilizes the benzene ring.

A -I group increases the acidity of a carboxylic acid by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

A -I group increases the acidity of carboxylic acids by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

The -NO2 group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, which destabilizes the benzene ring.

The +M effect stabilizes the carbocation by donating electron density through resonance.

The -I effect increases acidity by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

Electron-withdrawing groups (-I) increase the acidity of compounds by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

The -M effect can stabilize a carbocation by delocalizing the positive charge.

-M groups destabilize carbocations by withdrawing electron density through resonance.

-CN exhibits a -M effect as it withdraws electron density through resonance.

The -COOH group primarily exhibits a -M effect as it withdraws electron density through resonance.

-COOH exhibits a -M effect as it withdraws electron density through resonance.

The inductive effect involves the shifting of electron density through sigma bonds, which stabilizes positive charges.

The inductive effect involves the shifting of electron density through sigma bonds, which can stabilize positive charges.

The +M effect of -OCH3 is primarily due to resonance effect, where the lone pairs on oxygen can delocalize into the aromatic ring.

The inductive effect of the -Cl group in chloroacetic acid increases its acidity compared to acetic acid.

Phenol is stabilized by resonance (mesomeric effect) which is not present in cyclohexanol.

Phenol is less acidic compared to the other acids listed due to the +M effect of the aromatic ring, which destabilizes the negative charge on the phenoxide ion.

CCl3COOH is most acidic due to the strong -I effect of the -CCl3 group.

Benzaldehyde is most affected by the mesomeric effect due to the presence of the carbonyl group which can participate in resonance.

Benzene is highly stabilized by resonance due to its delocalized pi electrons.

Phenol is stabilized by the +M effect due to the presence of the -OH group which donates electron density.