Hydrogenation refers to the addition of hydrogen (H2) to unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as the addition to ethene to form ethane.

Aldehydes can undergo oxidation to form carboxylic acids, reduction to form alcohols, and condensation with alcohols to form hemiacetals.

Alkanes undergo free radical substitution reactions, especially in the presence of halogens.

Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions due to the presence of a double bond.

Aromatic compounds typically undergo electrophilic substitution reactions rather than addition reactions due to their stable aromaticity.

The decomposition of liquid water into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen increases the number of gas molecules, leading to a positive change in entropy.

The combustion of hydrocarbons is highly exothermic and typically has a negative ΔG, indicating spontaneity.

Alkenes typically undergo addition reactions rather than substitution reactions.

A reaction with ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0 is spontaneous at all temperatures because it results in a negative ΔG.

Endothermic reactions with positive ΔS can have a negative ΔG at high temperatures due to the TΔS term becoming significant.

The Amazon Rainforest is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot due to its vast array of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic to the region.

The relation x ~ y if x + y is even is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive, thus it is an equivalence relation.

R = {(1, 2), (1, 3)} is not a function because the input 1 maps to two different outputs.

R1 is not a function because the input 1 maps to two different outputs (2 and 3).

The equation (x - h)^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2 represents a circle centered at (h, k) with radius r.

The equation y = a sin(bx) represents sine waves where 'a' is the amplitude and 'b' is the frequency.

The equation y = ax^2 + bx + c represents a family of quadratic functions where 'a', 'b', and 'c' are constants.

The equation y = ae^(bx) represents a family of exponential curves where a and b are constants.

The equation y = mx + c represents a family of straight lines for different values of m and c.

The genotype 'AA' represents a homozygous dominant individual.

The equation x^2/a^2 - y^2/b^2 = 1 represents a hyperbola with transverse axis along the x-axis.

A phenotype is the observable characteristic, such as brown eyes.

Dissolving sugar in water is a physical change as it does not alter the chemical composition of sugar.

Systematic errors are consistent and repeatable inaccuracies, often due to calibration errors.

A test cross is performed by crossing an individual with a homozygous recessive individual (AA x aa) to determine the genotype of the former.

Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water absorbs heat, making it an endothermic reaction.

The change of base formula states that log_a(b) can be expressed as log_c(b) divided by log_c(a).

Significant figures include all non-zero digits and any zeros between them or trailing after a decimal point.

All the given relationships are correct and represent the conversion between moles, mass, and molar mass.

The correct relationship is mass = moles × molar mass.