Among the given particles, the electron has the smallest mass, approximately 1/1836 of a proton.

Beta decay involves the emission of beta particles, which are electrons or positrons.

Pions are mesons, not baryons. Baryons are particles made up of three quarks, while mesons are made up of a quark and an antiquark.

Electrons are not constituents of the nucleus; they orbit around the nucleus, while protons and neutrons are found within it.

An electron is not a nucleon; nucleons are particles found in the nucleus, which include protons and neutrons.

Electrons are not found in the nucleus; they orbit around the nucleus, while protons and neutrons are the constituents of the nucleus.

Electrons are not found in the nucleus; they orbit around it.

Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse, which allowed the British to annex any princely state if the ruler died without a male heir.

Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire in 322 BCE, marking the beginning of a significant era in Indian history.

Interference is a phenomenon that can be explained by the wave nature of light, as it involves the superposition of light waves.

All of the mentioned phenomena (photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and diffraction) demonstrate the wave-particle duality of light.

Diffraction is a phenomenon that leads to interference patterns, as it involves the bending of waves around obstacles.

Water droplets on a leaf demonstrate surface tension, as the cohesive forces between water molecules create a 'skin' on the surface.

Surface tension is responsible for capillary action, allowing liquids to rise in narrow tubes.

Viscosity describes the resistance of a fluid to flow, which is a key factor in fluid flow resistance.

Conduction is a mode of heat transfer and is not a characteristic of wave motion, while reflection, refraction, and diffraction are.

Conduction is a process of heat transfer and is not a characteristic of wave phenomena.

Floating of heavy objects is not a consequence of surface tension; it is due to buoyancy, while the other options are directly related to surface tension.

Prism dispersion involves refraction and not total internal reflection. The other options are phenomena that utilize total internal reflection.

Conduction is a mode of heat transfer and is not associated with wave phenomena.

The photoelectric effect is explained by quantum mechanics and particle nature of light, not by wave optics.

Floating of heavy objects is not related to surface tension; it is related to buoyancy. The other phenomena are directly influenced by surface tension.

Capillary action is primarily due to surface tension, as it allows liquids to rise in narrow tubes against gravity.

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in its speed.

The blue color of the sky is primarily due to Rayleigh scattering, which scatters shorter wavelengths of light more than longer wavelengths.

The formation of a rainbow is primarily due to the refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets.

Existentialism focuses on individual experience and the subjective interpretation of existence and truth.

The phrase 'the main point' accurately captures the essence of 'the crux of the matter'.

Industrial expansion contradicts the theme of environmental conservation, while the others promote it.

Individual effort is paramount contradicts the theme of teamwork, which emphasizes collaboration.