The median is defined as the middle value in a sorted data set, distinguishing it from mean and mode.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's 'The Social Contract' is a foundational text of Enlightenment thought, discussing the relationship between individuals and the state.

The 'Arthashastra', written by Kautilya (Chanakya), is a key text on ancient Indian political theory and statecraft.

Apical meristem is responsible for the growth in length of a plant, found at the tips of roots and shoots.

Nervous tissue is responsible for the transmission of electrical impulses throughout the body.

Vanadium can exhibit a +5 oxidation state in compounds like V2O5.

Manganese can exhibit a +7 oxidation state, as seen in permanganate ion (MnO4-).

Copper (Cu) is well-known for forming complex ions due to its ability to coordinate with ligands.

The energy of the emitted photon is highest for the transition from n=2 to n=1, as it involves the largest difference in energy levels.

The transition from n=2 to n=1 emits the highest energy photon as it involves the largest energy difference.

The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992, established the European Union and set the framework for its governance.

The Treaty of Lahore, signed in 1846, marked the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War, establishing British control over the Punjab region.

For a given base, an equilateral triangle has the maximum area compared to other types of triangles.

Using the formula for the area of a triangle, the triangle with sides 7, 24, 25 has the largest area due to its larger base and height.

Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Covalent network solids, such as diamond, have the highest melting points due to the strong covalent bonds throughout the structure.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is the specialized agency of the UN responsible for coordinating international public health.

The unit used to measure electric current is Ampere (A).

A vector is orthogonal if A · B = 0. For B = 3i - 2j, A · B = 6 - 6 = 0.

The Industrial Revolution led to a significant rise in urbanization as people moved to cities for factory jobs, transforming social and economic structures.

During the Mauryan Empire, particularly under Ashoka, there was a significant promotion of Buddhist education and the establishment of monasteries as centers of learning.

The Gupta period is known for promoting trade and commerce, leading to economic prosperity and cultural development.

The Mughal Empire promoted trade and commerce, leading to a flourishing economy and cultural exchange.

Ancient Athens is known for its system of direct democracy, where citizens participated directly in decision-making.

A key feature of the Harappan Civilization was its complex urban planning, including well-laid streets and advanced drainage systems.

The British colonial planning strategies primarily focused on infrastructure development aimed at resource extraction to benefit the British economy.

The establishment of the General Board of Health in 1848 marked a significant step in public health reforms in Britain, focusing on sanitation and disease prevention.

The emergence of factory-based production was a key outcome of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, transforming economies and societies.

The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 was caused by a combination of economic exploitation, religious insensitivity, and political annexation, making all options relevant.

British colonial policies led to the deindustrialization of India, as traditional industries were undermined by British imports and policies favoring British manufacturers.