Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings, resulting in a negative enthalpy change.

Galvanic cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy spontaneously.

Phenols are stronger acids than alcohols due to the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion.

Sound waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to travel and cannot propagate through a vacuum.

Surface tension is a property of liquids that causes them to minimize their surface area, allowing them to form droplets.

The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs, and it is always less than 90 degrees.

A convex lens can form both real and virtual images depending on the position of the object relative to the focal point.

The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect, and located behind the mirror at the same distance as the object.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another.

The magnetic field due to a current-carrying loop is strongest at the center of the loop and decreases as you move away from the center.

The magnetic field due to a long straight conductor decreases with increasing distance from the conductor.

Inside a long solenoid, the magnetic field is uniform and parallel to the axis of the solenoid, provided the solenoid is long enough.

The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons, which are collectively known as nucleons.

According to Ohm's Law, current (I) is directly proportional to voltage (V) when resistance (R) is constant.

A concave lens diverges light rays, and it has a negative focal length.

A convex mirror always forms virtual images and has a negative focal length.

A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy spontaneously.

A plane mirror always forms a virtual image that is the same size as the object and is erect.

A concave lens always forms a virtual image that cannot be projected on a screen; hence, a real image cannot be formed.

In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings, and the temperature of the system changes due to work done on or by the system.

In an isochoric process, the volume of the system remains constant.

The complex [Fe(CN)6]3- is a low-spin complex due to the strong field nature of CN- ligands, resulting in paired electrons.

Adsorption isotherms describe the relationship between the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent and its pressure at a constant temperature, illustrating how adsorption varies with pressure.

Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones due to the presence of the hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon.

An ideal gas is considered to have no volume and no intermolecular forces, making option D correct.

For capacitors in parallel, the total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitances: C_total = C₁ + C₂ + ...

Electric current flows from positive to negative in a circuit.

Exothermic reactions release heat, resulting in a negative enthalpy change.

Gravitational fields are always attractive, pulling masses towards each other.

Ideal gases are considered to have no volume and no intermolecular forces.