Fiber optic communication relies on total internal reflection to transmit light signals over long distances with minimal loss.

Propan-1-ol is a primary alcohol derived from propane.

1-butanol has the hydroxyl group attached to a primary carbon atom.

CH3NH2 is a primary amine as it has one alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom.

The zinc-carbon battery is a primary cell, while the others are secondary cells.

1-bromobutane is a primary haloalkane as the carbon attached to the halogen is bonded to only one other carbon.

The primary structure of proteins refers to the linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

A Newtonian fluid has a constant viscosity regardless of the shear rate.

Alkali metals are good conductors of electricity due to their free-moving electrons.

Alkaline earth metals have a higher density than alkali metals.

Alkanes are non-polar molecules and are generally insoluble in water.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons due to the presence of at least one double bond.

Alkynes contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

Aromatic compounds are characterized by a planar structure and exhibit unique stability due to resonance, but they are generally less reactive than alkenes.

Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring.

Carboxylic acids have high boiling points due to hydrogen bonding.

Cycloalkanes have a ring structure and can be saturated or unsaturated depending on the number of hydrogen atoms.

Diatomic hydrogen (H2) is highly flammable and can easily ignite in the presence of oxygen.

Elastomers are known for their elastic properties, allowing them to stretch and return to their original shape.

Fluids are often considered incompressible for practical purposes, especially in hydrodynamics.

Group 13 elements typically form covalent compounds due to their electron configuration.

Group 14 elements typically form covalent bonds due to their tetravalent nature.

Group 14 p-block elements typically form covalent bonds due to their valence electron configuration.

Group 15 elements, such as phosphorus, exist in multiple allotropes.

Group 17 elements, also known as halogens, are highly electronegative.

Halogens exist as diatomic molecules (e.g., Cl2, F2) in their elemental form.

Heavy water (D2O) has a higher boiling point than regular water (H2O).

Heavy water (D2O) has a higher boiling point than regular water (H2O).

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a gas at room temperature and is highly soluble in water.

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a colorless gas that is soluble in water.