Biology is the scientific study of living organisms.

Biodiversity hotspots are significant because they are regions with a high number of endemic species and are under threat from human activities.

Biopesticides are derived from natural materials and are considered safer for the environment compared to chemical pesticides.

Bioremediation is significant in biotechnology as it involves the use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments, thus aiding in waste management.

Bt cotton is genetically modified to produce a toxin that is harmful to specific pests, reducing the need for chemical insecticides.

Prenatal care is crucial for monitoring the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, ensuring a healthy pregnancy.

The 'Golden Gate' cloning method allows for the simultaneous insertion of multiple DNA fragments using a single restriction enzyme, making it efficient for constructing complex plasmids.

Sticky ends are overhanging sequences produced by restriction enzymes that facilitate the ligation of DNA fragments by allowing complementary base pairing.

The electron transport chain is significant in respiration as it generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

The energy pyramid illustrates the flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.

The fossil record is significant because it provides a chronological order of species appearance, helping to trace the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

The G2 phase is crucial for preparing the cell for mitosis, ensuring all DNA is replicated and the cell is ready to divide.

The Human Genome Project has provided valuable information about the human genome, aiding in the understanding and treatment of genetic diseases.

The Human Genome Project aimed to map all human genes, providing insights into genetics and disease.

Light-harvesting complexes absorb light energy and transfer it to the reaction center in photosystems.

The light-independent reactions, or Calvin cycle, are significant for fixing carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

The light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

PCR is a technique that allows for the amplification of specific DNA sequences, making it a crucial tool in molecular biology and biotechnology.

The Red List published by the IUCN categorizes species based on their extinction risk, helping in conservation efforts.

The 'gene of interest' is the specific gene that researchers aim to clone or express for various applications in biotechnology.

DNA is described as a double helix, consisting of two strands that wind around each other.

DNA is composed of nucleotides, which include a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

A bisexual flower contains both male (stamens) and female (pistils) reproductive structures.

A bisexual flower contains both male (stamens) and female (pistils) reproductive structures.

An organism with two identical alleles for a trait is called homozygous.

The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its genotype.

Endangered species are those that are at risk of extinction due to various factors.

Endemic species are those that are found nowhere else on Earth and are often vulnerable to extinction.

Endemic species are those that are found only in a specific geographic area.

Endemic species are those that are native to a particular area and not found elsewhere.