Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines.

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently and are commonly used as vectors to transfer genes into host cells in genetic engineering.

Platelets, or thrombocytes, are essential for blood clotting, helping to prevent excessive bleeding when injuries occur.

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that enhance gut health and improve digestion.

Producers convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, forming the base of the food chain.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, translating messenger RNA into polypeptide chains.

RNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Root hairs increase the surface area for water absorption from the soil, facilitating the uptake of water and nutrients.

Sepals protect the flower bud before it opens and can also support the flower.

Sulfur is essential for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins, playing a critical role in plant metabolism.

Synovial fluid provides lubrication, nutrients, and shock absorption in synovial joints.

Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing for the transfer of force and movement.

The cambium is a layer of meristematic tissue that contributes to the growth in thickness (secondary growth) of stems and roots.

The cell membrane regulates the transport of substances in and out of the cell.

The filament is the stalk that supports the anther, which produces pollen.

The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water and salts, helping to concentrate urine.

The lymphatic system is responsible for transporting lymph, which contains immune cells, and helps in the removal of waste products from tissues.

The M checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are properly aligned at the metaphase plate before the cell proceeds to anaphase.

The ovary is the part of the flower that contains ovules, which develop into seeds after fertilization.

The ovary's primary role in the female reproductive system is the production of eggs (ova) which are necessary for reproduction.

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of substances in and out of the cell.

The spleen plays a crucial role in filtering blood and removing old or damaged red blood cells.

The stigma is the part of the pistil that receives pollen during fertilization.

The synapse is the junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to facilitate communication.

The synaptic cleft is the gap between two neurons that allows neurotransmitters to transmit signals.

Synovial fluid serves multiple functions including lubrication, nutrient supply, and shock absorption in joints.

Vaccines are used to prevent diseases by stimulating the immune system.

Yeast ferments sugars to produce carbon dioxide, which helps the dough rise in baking.

The scientific name of the domestic cat is Felis catus, following the binomial nomenclature system.