The gravitational field strength at a distance r from the center of a planet is given by g = GM/r^2.

The gravitational field strength (g) at a distance r from a mass M is given by g = GM/r^2.

Gravitational potential energy (U) = mgh = 2 kg * 9.8 m/s² * 10 m = 196 J.

Oxygen has 8 electrons, and its ground state electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.

Hydrostatic pressure is given by P = ρgh. Thus, P = 1000 kg/m³ * 9.81 m/s² * 10 m = 98100 Pa.

Ionization energy is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state.

The ionization energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV, which is the energy required to remove the electron from the ground state.

The least count of a standard vernier caliper is typically 0.01 cm.

The least count of a vernier caliper is the smallest measurement it can accurately read, which is 0.01 cm in this case.

The magnetic field inside a toroidal solenoid is uniform and non-zero, and it is given by B = (μ₀NI)/(2πr), where N is the number of turns, I is the current, and r is the distance from the center.

The magnetic field strength (B) at a distance 'r' from a long straight conductor is given by the formula B = μ₀I/2πr.

The magnetic moment (μ) of a circular loop is given by μ = I × A, where A is the area of the loop. For a circular loop, A = πr², thus μ = I × πr² = πr²I.

Magnification (m) = -v/u. Here, v = -5 cm and u = -10 cm, so m = -(-5)/(-10) = 2.

When the object is placed at the focus of a concave mirror, the image is formed at infinity, leading to infinite magnification.

The quantum mechanical model assumes that electrons exhibit both particle and wave-like properties.

The main consequence of nuclear fusion is the release of a significant amount of energy as lighter nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei.

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons while having the same number of protons.

The strong nuclear force is the primary force that holds the nucleons (protons and neutrons) together in the nucleus.

The main function of a transistor is to amplify electrical signals.

Quantization in atomic physics means that energy levels in an atom are discrete, not continuous.

The Rutherford model fails to explain why electrons do not spiral into the nucleus, thus not accounting for atomic stability.

The fusion of hydrogen nuclei primarily produces helium, along with a release of energy.

A choke is used to decrease current in an AC circuit by providing inductive reactance.

Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement, reflecting the certainty of the digits.

The stability of the electron in an atom is primarily due to the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged nucleus.

The mass defect is the difference between the mass of the nucleus and the sum of the masses of its individual nucleons, which accounts for the binding energy.

The maximum displacement from the mean position in simple harmonic motion is called the amplitude.

The maximum number of electrons in an energy level is given by the formula 2n². For n=3, it is 2(3)² = 18.

The maximum number of electrons in an energy level is given by 2n^2. For n=4, it is 2(4^2) = 32.

For the first order of bright fringe in reflected light, the minimum thickness of the soap bubble is λ/4 due to the phase change upon reflection.