Porifera, or sponges, are characterized by their porous bodies that allow water to flow through.

The Plantae kingdom is characterized by photosynthetic autotrophs, which produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, as they lack cellular structure and metabolism.

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud.

Cutting is a method of vegetative propagation where a part of a plant is used to grow a new plant.

Cuttings are a form of vegetative reproduction where a part of the plant is used to grow a new plant.

Cytokinins are known to delay leaf senescence and promote cell division, enhancing growth.

Cytokinins promote shoot development and are involved in delaying leaf senescence.

Cytokinins stimulate lateral bud growth and delay leaf senescence.

Epithelial tissue performs various functions including transport, absorption, and secretion.

Ethylene promotes senescence, which is the aging process in plants, leading to leaf drop and fruit ripening.

Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Saliva contains amylase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.

Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, which helps kill bacteria in the stomach.

The kidneys perform multiple functions including regulation of blood pH, production of erythropoietin for red blood cell production, and regulation of blood pressure.

The large intestine is responsible for the formation of feces and the absorption of water.

The lymphatic system helps to remove excess fluid from tissues, returning it to the bloodstream and playing a role in immune function.

The primary function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled.

The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, which aids in digestion and creates an acidic environment for enzymes.

Mass is a fundamental quantity in the SI system.

Bt cotton is a genetically modified crop that has been engineered to express a bacterial protein that is toxic to certain pests.

Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism that has been engineered to express a bacterial toxin for pest resistance.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming.

The Modern Synthesis integrates natural selection with Mendelian genetics, providing a comprehensive explanation of evolution.

All of the options listed (virus, bacteria, fungi) are considered living organisms in various contexts.

Nitrogen is a macronutrient that is essential for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids in plants.

Plastic waste is a significant contributor to water pollution, affecting aquatic life and ecosystems.

Urbanization is a major threat to biodiversity as it leads to habitat loss and fragmentation.

Genetic Drift is a mechanism of evolution that involves random changes in allele frequencies, particularly in small populations.

Gene flow is the mechanism of evolution that involves the transfer of genetic material between populations through migration.