Enthalpy is a state function, meaning it depends only on the initial and final states, not the path taken.

Entropy is a state function, meaning it depends only on the state of the system and not on how it reached that state.

Exothermic reactions release heat, resulting in a negative enthalpy change.

Factors of a number are the integers that can divide that number without leaving a remainder, while multiples are the result of multiplying that number by an integer. Hence, factors are always less than or equal to multiples.

The correct equation for Gibbs Free Energy is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, which relates enthalpy, entropy, and temperature.

Gravitational fields are always attractive, pulling masses towards each other.

Gravitational force is always attractive, acting between any two masses.

Gravitational potential energy can be negative when an object is below a reference point, such as the Earth's surface.

In a harmonic progression, the terms can indeed be negative, as the definition does not restrict the terms to positive values.

In a harmonic progression, the reciprocals of the terms indeed form an arithmetic progression.

HCF and LCM can be equal when both numbers are the same.

Ideal gases are considered to have no volume and no intermolecular forces.

Ideal solutions obey Raoult's Law without any deviation, meaning their properties are consistent with the law across all concentrations.

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, leading to different mass numbers.

Laminar flow is characterized by smooth and orderly fluid motion, typically occurring at low velocities.

Lenz's law states that the direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

Magnetic field lines form closed loops, meaning they exit from the north pole and enter the south pole, and they do not cross each other.

The mesomeric effect is a permanent effect due to the delocalization of electrons.

Modular arithmetic is primarily applicable to integers, making the first statement true.

Non-ideal solutions show positive or negative deviations from Raoult's Law due to interactions between different molecules.

Optical isomers, or enantiomers, rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.

Raoult's Law is primarily applicable to ideal solutions, where the solute and solvent behave similarly.

Oxidizing agents are reduced in redox reactions.

Reduction is defined as the gain of electrons, and it always occurs simultaneously with oxidation in redox reactions.

RMS speed is always greater than average speed for a gas due to the nature of the calculations involved.

Compound interest will always be greater than simple interest for the same principal, rate, and time, except for the case of zero interest.

-I effect withdraws electron density, which can destabilize carbocations and stabilize carbanions.

The activation energy (Ea) of a reaction is always positive.

Activation energy is always positive as it represents the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

When two lines intersect, the angles opposite each other (vertical angles) are always equal. Therefore, the correct statement is that vertical angles are always equal.