The photoelectric effect requires a minimum frequency of light known as the threshold frequency.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.

In thermal equilibrium, no heat flows between systems, meaning they are at the same temperature.

Bonding orbitals are lower in energy than antibonding orbitals, which is a fundamental principle of molecular orbital theory.

According to Ohm's Law, current (I) is directly proportional to voltage (V) when resistance (R) is constant.

Raoult's Law indicates that the vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent due to the presence of solute.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can only be transformed from one form to another, not created or destroyed.

According to the kinetic molecular theory, gas particles are in constant motion.

According to the kinetic theory, gas molecules are in constant random motion, which is a fundamental assumption of the theory.

The second law states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body, which implies that entropy of the universe tends to increase.

The bar graph clearly shows that City A has a larger population than City B.

The bar graph clearly shows that City A experienced faster growth than City B.

The graph indicates that Bananas sold more than Grapes in 2021.

Product D had the lowest sales in Q1, as indicated in the table.

The graph indicates that July had the highest temperature and December had the lowest.

A concave lens diverges light rays, and it has a negative focal length.

A converging lens can form both real images (when the object is outside the focal length) and virtual images (when the object is within the focal length).

A convex lens can produce both real images (when the object is outside the focal length) and virtual images (when the object is within the focal length).

A convex mirror always forms virtual images and has a negative focal length.

A diverging lens (concave) can only form virtual images.

A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy spontaneously.

A plane mirror always forms a virtual image that is the same size as the object and is erect.

A concave lens always forms a virtual image that cannot be projected on a screen; hence, a real image cannot be formed.

A satellite in a stable orbit is acted upon by gravitational force, which provides the necessary centripetal force to keep it in orbit.

In an adiabatic process, the system is insulated from heat transfer, meaning no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.

In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings, and the temperature of the system changes due to work done on or by the system.

In an endothermic reaction, the enthalpy change (ΔH) is positive as heat is absorbed.

In an exothermic reaction, heat is released, so ΔH is negative.

For an ideal gas, the internal energy depends only on temperature, not on volume or pressure.

In an isobaric process, the pressure remains constant.