Substituents can either activate or deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution, depending on their electron-donating or electron-withdrawing nature.

Surfactants decrease the surface tension of water.

Chemisorption typically decreases with an increase in temperature because it involves the formation of stronger chemical bonds, which are less favorable at higher thermal energies.

Chemisorption typically decreases with an increase in temperature because it involves the formation of stronger chemical bonds, which are less favorable at higher thermal energies.

Temperature can introduce systematic errors, especially if the instrument is not designed to compensate for temperature variations.

Temperature affects the vapor pressure of both the solvent and the solution, generally increasing vapor pressure with temperature.

The effect of temperature on capacitance depends on the dielectric material used in the capacitor.

According to the Nernst equation, the cell potential generally increases with temperature.

As temperature increases, more electrons gain enough energy to jump the band gap, increasing conductivity.

As temperature increases, the conductivity of semiconductors increases due to the generation of more charge carriers.

As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases, leading to greater disorder and thus higher entropy.

For exothermic reactions, increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the left, thus decreasing the equilibrium constant.

For an exothermic reaction, increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the left, thus decreasing the value of K.

The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic material decreases with increasing temperature.

Increasing temperature generally decreases the magnetism of ferromagnetic materials, as thermal agitation disrupts the alignment of magnetic domains.

The effect of temperature on resistance depends on the material; for most conductors, resistance increases with temperature.

For most conductors, resistance increases with temperature due to increased lattice vibrations that impede electron flow.

The resistance of most conductive materials increases with temperature due to increased atomic vibrations that impede electron flow.

For most solid solutes, solubility in liquids increases with temperature due to increased kinetic energy of the molecules.

For most solid solutes, solubility increases with an increase in temperature.

The speed of sound in air increases with an increase in temperature.

As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, leading to a decrease in cohesive forces and thus a decrease in surface tension.

Surface tension decreases with an increase in temperature due to increased molecular motion.

According to Raoult's Law, the vapor pressure of a solvent increases with an increase in temperature.

The viscosity of a liquid generally decreases with an increase in temperature, making it flow more easily.

For most liquids, viscosity decreases with an increase in temperature due to increased molecular motion.

The +M effect stabilizes the carbocation by donating electron density through resonance.

The -I effect increases acidity by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

Electron-withdrawing groups (-I) increase the acidity of compounds by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

The -M effect can stabilize a carbocation by delocalizing the positive charge.