A solenoid produces a uniform magnetic field inside it, as described by the Biot-Savart Law.

A toroid produces the strongest magnetic field at its center due to the closed loop configuration of the wire.

Gravitational field lines never intersect because it would imply two different gravitational forces acting on the same point.

Gravitational potential energy is a scalar quantity and can be negative when the object is within the gravitational field of another mass.

The gravitational field strength (g) at a distance r from a mass M is given by g = GM/r².

The gravitational force is proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects.

The gravitational force is always attractive and acts over long distances, though it is weaker than the electromagnetic force.

The gravitational field is the negative gradient of gravitational potential.

The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.

Scandium has the highest atomic radius among the given d-block elements.

Copper (Cu) is known for its excellent electrical conductivity.

Mercury (Hg) is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

Nickel (Ni) is commonly used in making various alloys due to its strength and corrosion resistance.

In circular polarization, the electric field vector rotates in a circular motion as the wave propagates.

In overdamped oscillations, the system returns to equilibrium without oscillating due to strong damping.

Poisson's ratio (ν) is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain.

A Zener diode is designed to maintain a constant voltage across it when reverse-biased, allowing it to regulate voltage.

Gases have no definite shape or volume and will expand to fill the entire volume of their container.

The Doppler effect refers to the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

An ideal fluid is defined as being incompressible and non-viscous, meaning it has no internal friction.

The motion of a damped oscillator is described by x(t) = A e^(-bt) cos(ωt), where b is the damping coefficient.

The motion of a damped oscillator is characterized by exponential decay of amplitude over time.

In overdamping, the system returns to the equilibrium position slowly without oscillating.

Polarization of light refers to the phenomenon where light waves oscillate in a single plane.

Higher frequency corresponds to a higher pitch in sound.

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

A transistor is a semiconductor device that can amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

H2 has a bond order of 1, calculated as (2 bonding electrons - 0 antibonding electrons)/2 = 1.

N2 has the highest bond order of 3, while O2 has a bond order of 2 and F2 has a bond order of 1.

Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium.