Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently and are commonly used as vectors to transfer genes into host cells in genetic engineering.

Platelets, or thrombocytes, are essential for blood clotting, helping to prevent excessive bleeding when injuries occur.

Producers convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, forming the base of the food chain.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains.

RNA plays a crucial role in both the transcription of DNA and the translation of proteins.

RNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Sepals protect the flower bud before it opens and can also support the flower.

Sulfur is essential for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins, playing a critical role in plant metabolism.

Temperature increases the number of charge carriers in semiconductors, thus increasing their conductivity.

Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing for the transfer of force and movement.

In an electrochemical cell, reduction occurs at the cathode.

The cell membrane regulates the transport of substances in and out of the cell.

Coherent sources maintain a constant phase difference, which is essential for producing a stable interference pattern.

The filament is the stalk that supports the anther, which produces pollen.

The galvanometer indicates the balance point in a potentiometer circuit, showing when the potential difference across the wire equals the unknown voltage.

The galvanometer is used to detect whether the bridge is balanced or unbalanced.

The immune system's role is to fight diseases and protect the body from infections.

The jockey is used to find the balance point in the potentiometer setup by sliding along the wire.

The jockey is used to find the null point where the potential difference is balanced, indicating the measurement of the unknown voltage.

The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water and salts, helping to concentrate urine.

The lymphatic system is responsible for transporting lymph, which contains immune cells, and helps in the removal of waste products from tissues.

The ovary's primary role in the female reproductive system is the production of eggs (ova) which are necessary for reproduction.

A phase change of π (or half a wavelength) occurs upon reflection from a medium of higher refractive index, affecting the interference pattern.

The refractive index affects the phase change upon reflection; a higher refractive index can lead to a phase change of π (180 degrees).

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment.

The spleen plays a crucial role in filtering blood and removing old or damaged red blood cells.

The synapse is the junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to facilitate communication.

Synovial fluid serves multiple functions including lubrication, nutrient supply, and shock absorption in joints.

Yeast ferments sugars to produce carbon dioxide, which helps the dough rise in baking.

The RMS value of an AC is given by I_rms = I_peak / √2. Therefore, I_rms = 10 A / √2 = 7.07 A.