Polarization refers to the orientation of the oscillations of light waves in a particular direction.

Power (P) is given by P = 1/f (in meters). Thus, f = 50 cm = 0.5 m, so P = 1/0.5 = +2 D.

Diffraction occurs due to the wave nature of light, allowing it to bend around obstacles and spread out.

Diffraction occurs due to the wave nature of light, allowing it to bend around obstacles.

Polarizers are primarily used in photography to reduce glare from reflective surfaces.

A polarimeter measures the angle of rotation of polarized light as it passes through a sample, which can indicate the concentration of optically active substances.

3D movie glasses use polarization to filter different images for each eye, creating a three-dimensional effect.

Using sin(30°) = 0.5, n = 1/sin(30°) = 1/0.5 = 2. Therefore, the refractive index is 2.

Using the formula n = 1/sin(θc), where θc = 30°, we find n = 1/sin(30°) = 1/0.5 = 2.00.

The angle of diffraction is inversely proportional to the wavelength; as the wavelength increases, the angle of diffraction increases.

The angle of incidence and angle of diffraction are related by the grating equation d sin(θ) = mλ.

At the angle of polarization, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction.

In total internal reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

In polarized light, the electric field and magnetic field are always perpendicular to each other.

In linearly polarized light, the electric field vector is perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Increasing the number of slits in a diffraction grating results in sharper maxima due to increased constructive interference.

The angle of diffraction is inversely proportional to the slit separation; as the slit separation increases, the angle decreases.

The angle of diffraction is inversely proportional to the slit width; as the slit width decreases, the angle increases.

The angular position of the first minimum is inversely proportional to the slit width; as the slit width decreases, the angle increases.

The angular width of the central maximum is inversely proportional to the slit width; as the slit width increases, the angular width decreases.

Longer wavelengths diffract more, leading to larger angles of diffraction in a diffraction grating.

The width of the central maximum is inversely proportional to the slit width and directly proportional to the wavelength.

Destructive interference occurs when two waves of equal amplitude meet out of phase, resulting in an amplitude of zero.

When two waves of equal amplitude and opposite phase meet, they cancel each other out, resulting in destructive interference.

When two waves of equal amplitude and opposite phase combine, they cancel each other out, resulting in destructive interference.

When light passes through a polarizer and then an analyzer at 90 degrees, no light passes through due to the orthogonal orientation.

Coherence refers to the constant phase relationship between waves, which is essential for producing stable interference patterns.

Coherent sources maintain a constant phase difference, which is essential for producing a stable interference pattern.

A phase change of π (or half a wavelength) occurs upon reflection from a medium of higher refractive index, affecting the interference pattern.

The refractive index affects the phase change upon reflection; a higher refractive index can lead to a phase change of π (180 degrees).