All of the ions Na+, Cl-, and Mg2+ have achieved a stable octet configuration.

Sodium ion (Na+) is often a spectator ion in many electrochemical reactions.

Potassium ions (K+) are commonly used in salt bridges to maintain electrical neutrality.

A condom is a barrier method of contraception that physically prevents sperm from reaching the egg.

Meter is a base unit in the SI system, while liter, newton, and joule are derived units.

Bacteria play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter, which helps in nutrient cycling.

Microbes play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter, which helps in nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

EDTA can form multiple bonds with a metal ion, making it a bidentate ligand as it can attach at two sites.

Genetically modified crops are developed to enhance yield, resistance to pests, and tolerance to environmental stresses.

Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade environmental contaminants, making it a key application in environmental management.

Gene therapy is a direct application of biotechnology in medicine, aimed at treating genetic disorders.

Fermentation is a biotechnological method used to produce vaccines by cultivating microorganisms.

Plants are biotic components of an ecosystem, while soil, water, and air are abiotic components.

Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem, which include plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Glucose is a simple sugar and a primary carbohydrate.

C2H4O2 (Acetic acid) is a carboxylic acid.

Epithelial tissue is characterized by closely packed cells with minimal intercellular space, forming a protective layer.

Fungi have chitin in their cell walls, distinguishing them from plants.

All of the options listed are characteristic features of living organisms.

Phylum Arthropoda is characterized by a segmented body, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin.

Viruses have a protein coat (capsid) and lack cellular structure and metabolism, requiring a host to reproduce.

A diode allows current to flow in one direction only, making it a unidirectional device.

A good cloning vector should have a high copy number to ensure that multiple copies of the inserted gene are produced within the host cell.

A reversible cell can be recharged, allowing it to be used multiple times.

High biodiversity is a characteristic of a stable ecosystem, as it enhances resilience and stability.

A Zener diode is designed to operate in reverse bias and maintain a constant voltage.

Addition polymers are formed from monomers that contain double bonds, which open up to form long chains.

Adsorption is a surface phenomenon, as it occurs at the interface between phases.

The ability to respond to stimuli is a characteristic of all living organisms, allowing them to interact with their environment.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are known for their pleasant smell and contain a stable ring structure.