Archimedes' principle states that a body submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

An isobaric process occurs at constant pressure and can involve a change in temperature due to heat transfer.

In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings, leading to a change in temperature.

Heating involves a change in temperature without a change in phase.

Convection is the process of heat transfer through the movement of fluids.

The magnetic quantum number describes the orientation of an orbital in space.

The parallel axis theorem is used to find the moment of inertia about an axis parallel to one through the center of mass.

Critical damping allows the system to return to equilibrium in the shortest time without oscillating.

A circular aperture produces an Airy pattern, characterized by a central bright spot surrounded by concentric dark and bright rings.

A convex lens is used to converge light rays for hyperopic correction.

Natural light is typically unpolarized as it consists of waves vibrating in multiple planes.

White noise is the most commonly associated noise in communication systems, affecting signal quality.

A polar orbit allows a satellite to pass over the entire surface of the Earth as the Earth rotates beneath it.

A polar orbit allows a satellite to pass over the entire surface of the Earth as the Earth rotates beneath it.

A sun-synchronous orbit allows a satellite to pass over the same point on the Earth's surface at the same local solar time every day, as it is synchronized with the Earth's position relative to the Sun.

Alpha radiation consists of helium nuclei, which are emitted during certain types of radioactive decay.

Geostationary satellites are ideal for monitoring weather patterns as they provide a constant view of the same area.

Geostationary orbits are ideal for weather monitoring as they provide a constant view of the same area of the Earth.

N-type semiconductors have an excess of electrons due to the addition of donor impurities.

A potentiometer is preferred because it provides more accurate measurements as it does not draw current from the circuit.