Gravitational potential energy can be negative depending on the reference point chosen.

Magnetic field lines are closed loops; they do not start or end but continue infinitely.

Real gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures due to intermolecular forces and finite volume.

Real gases experience intermolecular forces and do not behave ideally under all conditions.

The center of mass can lie outside the physical body, especially in irregularly shaped objects.

The emission spectrum of hydrogen consists of discrete lines corresponding to specific energy transitions between levels.

The energy levels of an electron in an atom are quantized, meaning they can only take on specific values.

The kinetic molecular theory states that gas particles are in constant random motion.

The photoelectric effect requires a minimum frequency of light known as the threshold frequency.

In thermal equilibrium, no heat flows between systems, meaning they are at the same temperature.

According to the kinetic theory, gas molecules are in constant random motion, which is a fundamental assumption of the theory.

A converging lens can form both real images (when the object is outside the focal length) and virtual images (when the object is within the focal length).

A convex lens can produce both real images (when the object is outside the focal length) and virtual images (when the object is within the focal length).

A diverging lens (concave) can only form virtual images.

A satellite in a stable orbit is acted upon by gravitational force, which provides the necessary centripetal force to keep it in orbit.

For an ideal gas, the internal energy depends only on temperature, not on volume or pressure.

In a balanced Wheatstone bridge, the potential difference across the galvanometer is zero, indicating no current flow.

A potentiometer can measure both AC and DC voltages, but it is primarily used for DC measurements due to its principle of operation.

A Wheatstone bridge can be used for both AC and DC circuits to measure resistance.

Ampere's Law is primarily applicable to static currents and requires modifications for time-varying fields.

Electric field lines point from positive to negative charges and never cross each other.

Gravitational force is always attractive, acting between any two masses.

Gravitational potential energy can be negative when an object is below a reference point, such as the Earth's surface.

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, leading to different mass numbers.

Lenz's law states that the direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

Magnetic field lines form closed loops, meaning they exit from the north pole and enter the south pole, and they do not cross each other.

RMS speed is always greater than average speed for a gas due to the nature of the calculations involved.

The Biot-Savart Law can be used for any current distribution, not just straight conductors.

The Earth's magnetic field has a magnetic north and south pole and affects compass needles, causing them to align with the field.

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of conservation of energy, applicable to all thermodynamic systems.