-NO2 is a strong electron-withdrawing group that decreases electron density on the benzene ring.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

+M effect is characterized by electron donation through resonance, enhancing stability.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they contain only single bonds.

Aromatic compounds follow Huckel's rule, which states that they must have (4n + 2) π electrons in a cyclic, planar structure.

Cis-trans isomers have the same connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of groups around a double bond.

Geometric isomers have the same connectivity of atoms but differ in their spatial arrangement.

Optical isomers, or enantiomers, rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.

Structural isomers have different connectivity of atoms, leading to different compounds.

The +I effect is characterized by electron donation through the inductive effect.

+M effect refers to the donation of electron density through resonance.

The inductive effect decreases with distance from the electronegative atom or group.

Alkenes undergo hydrogenation, where they react with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.

CH3NH2 is a primary amine as it has one alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom.

Alkanes are non-polar molecules and are generally insoluble in water.

The -CH3 group is a strong +I effect group as it donates electron density through the inductive effect.

-NO2 is a strong -M group as it withdraws electron density through resonance.

The –F group is an example of a -I effect as it withdraws electron density through sigma bonds.

All halogens (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I) exhibit -I effect, but -F is the strongest among them.

The –NO2 group withdraws electron density through resonance, exhibiting a -M effect.

Acetaldehyde can exist in two forms (keto and enol) that readily interconvert, demonstrating tautomeric isomerism.

Pentane and 2-methylbutane differ in the arrangement of carbon atoms, thus showing chain isomerism.

2-pentene can exist in cis and trans forms due to the presence of a double bond.

Lactic acid has a chiral center and can exist as two enantiomers, thus exhibiting optical isomerism.

1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane differ in the position of the bromine atom, showing structural isomerism.

Keto-enol tautomerism is a classic example of tautomeric isomerism.

The inductive effect is permanent and weakens with distance, but it is not reversible.

Hydrogen isomerism is not a recognized type of isomerism in chemistry.

The compound is a ketone with a four-carbon chain, and the carbonyl group is on the second carbon, hence it is Butan-2-one.

C3H6 corresponds to propene, which is an alkene with a double bond.