Hydrostatic head is the height of a fluid column that exerts a certain pressure, calculated as pressure divided by the density and gravitational acceleration.

Surface tension is the property of a fluid that causes its surface to behave like a stretched elastic membrane.

Systematic errors lead to biased results, consistently deviating from the true value.

Systematic errors indicate a consistent bias in measurements.

Systematic errors can be corrected by subtracting the known error from the measured value.

An uncertainty of ±0.1 g indicates that the measurement can vary by 0.1 g from the reported value.

The range is calculated as (10.0 - 0.5) cm to (10.0 + 0.5) cm, which is 9.5 cm to 10.5 cm.

The number 3.00 kg has three significant figures.

Moving one mirror changes the path length, causing the fringe pattern to shift to the right.

The radius of the dark rings in Newton's rings is proportional to the square root of the ring number. Thus, the second dark ring will have a radius of 2r.

The radius of the dark rings in Newton's rings is given by r_n² = nλR, where R is the radius of curvature of the lens. Thus, r_n ∝ nλ.

When a p-n junction is forward biased, the depletion region narrows, allowing current to flow.

In the p-type region of a p-n junction, holes are the majority charge carriers.

In a p-type region, holes are the predominant charge carriers.

The depletion region in a PN junction diode is formed due to the recombination of electrons and holes at the junction.

When a PN junction diode is forward biased, the depletion region narrows, allowing current to flow.

An electric field is formed at the junction of p-type and n-type materials due to the diffusion of charge carriers.

The depletion region is the area around the PN junction where no free charge carriers are present.

In a ray diagram for a concave lens, rays parallel to the principal axis appear to diverge from the focal point.

The conductivity of a semiconductor increases with temperature due to more charge carriers being available.

Total resistance R_total = 4Ω + 8Ω = 12Ω. Current I = V/R_total = 12V/12Ω = 1A. Voltage across 8Ω = I * R = 1A * 8Ω = 8V.

Total resistance in series is R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6Ω.

In a series circuit, if one resistor fails, the circuit is broken and the current stops.

In a series circuit, removing one resistor breaks the circuit, causing the current to become zero.

According to Ohm's law, I = V/R. If R is doubled, the current I will be halved for a constant voltage V.

At resonance in a series RLC circuit, the impedance (Z) is equal to the resistance (R) because the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel each other out.

At resonance in a series RLC circuit, the impedance is minimum, and the circuit behaves like a purely resistive circuit.

At resonance in a series RLC circuit, the impedance is minimum, and thus the current is maximum.

At resonance in a series RLC circuit, the impedance is at a minimum.

At resonance in a series RLC circuit, the total impedance is minimum and is equal to the resistance (R) of the circuit.