In a dihybrid cross, the expected genotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 9:3:3:1.

The expected ratio of phenotypes in a cross between two purebred parents with contrasting traits is 1:1 in the F1 generation when they are crossed with each other.

The pistil is the female reproductive part of the flower, consisting of the ovary, style, and stigma.

A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a gene by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.

A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a particular gene, allowing for gene expression.

Selectable markers are genes that confer resistance to antibiotics or other substances, allowing for the identification of cells that have successfully taken up the vector.

Bile emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest by lipases.

Cartilage provides support and flexibility in the body.

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy in plants.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA during replication.

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms.

mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.

NADP+ acts as an electron carrier, becoming NADPH during the light-dependent reactions.

The function of nervous tissue is the transmission of impulses.

Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and is also involved in social bonding.

Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels in the blood by promoting the release of calcium from bones and increasing absorption in the intestines.

Petals serve to attract pollinators with their color and scent.

Phosphorus is crucial for energy transfer in plants, particularly in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, translating messenger RNA into polypeptide chains.

Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.

Sclerenchyma tissue provides support and protection to the plant due to its thick, lignified cell walls.

Stomata are small openings on leaves that facilitate gas exchange, allowing CO2 in and O2 out.

The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.

The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients to pass through.

The cell membrane regulates the transport of substances in and out of the cell.

Cilia in the respiratory tract help to clear debris and pathogens by moving mucus upwards towards the throat.

The corpus luteum primarily produces progesterone, which is essential for maintaining the uterine lining during early pregnancy.

The cytoskeleton provides structural support, helps maintain cell shape, and is involved in cell movement.